Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (Controlled/living radical polymerization): From discovery to materials design and applications

Recent advances in nanocellulose processing, functionalization and applications: a review

“…RAFT has major advantages because the end group can be effortlessly reduced into a thiol, providing more effective functional groups that can be further modified as shown in Scheme 3. [199][200][201][202] The RAFT approach is also used to obtain soluble cellulose using polymerizing acrylic monomers and to generate a RAFT agent (macro chain transfer agent) by attaching dithioesters to the primary alcohol (-CH 2 OH) at the C6 position on the cellulosic backbone by polymerizing either the ethyl acrylate (C 5 H 8 O 2 ) or NIPAM (N-isopropylacrylamide). Poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) or p-DMAEMA (C 8 H 15 NO 2 ) is modified via grafting on the cellulosic surface using the RAFT approach.…”

Fundamentals of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)

“…The mechanisms that are available and the species X that are most effective depend strongly on the monomers being polymerized and the conditions of polymerization. Much research effort has been devoted to determining those that are most effective (Corrigan et al, 2020).…”

Progress in the Preparation of Functional and (Bio)Degradable Polymers via Living Polymerizations

“…Although RROP provides an alternative approach to the synthesis of f-APs, the RROP method has to meet some application demands that require a narrow range of molecular weight distributions. In the mid-1990s, reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) was discovered and it is still being developed in academia and industry [ 78 ]. In RDRP, reagents of dormant molecules and regulators (which act as activators and deactivators) are necessarily present.…”

“…In RDRP, reagents of dormant molecules and regulators (which act as activators and deactivators) are necessarily present. The key to achieving controlled/living polymerization is to follow a number of general steps [ 78 ]: (i) the initiating rate of the reaction between the activators and dormant molecules should be faster than that of the chain propagating rate; (ii) meanwhile, deactivators and active radicals are produced in order to proceed with certain monomer additions; (iii) the concentration of the (macro)radicals is quickly deactivated by deactivators; and (iv) meanwhile, activators and dormant (macro)molecules are reversibly generated so that another cycle can be conducted starting from step (i). In a controlled/living polymerization, the concentrations of active radicals should remain low in order to achieve the suppression of termination reactions and so that all polymer chains can grow evenly and consecutively.…”