Review of new insights into antimicrobial agents

Abstract

People have known the bacteria and have used various ways to deal with them, from a long time ago. Perhaps, natural antibiotics with have been the first step in fighting against pathogens. However, several factors, such as dealing with unfamiliar bacteria or emergence of drug-resistant species, have motivated us to discover new antibiotics or even change previous types. In this regard, a variety of natural and synthetic antibiotics with different origins, mechanism of action, structures and functional spectrum, have been developed and used. Some impact on the synthesis of nucleic acids and some affect protein synthesis so destroy bacteria. There is a ring in the structure of most of the antibiotics which gives them special properties. However, despite their numerous advantages, antibiotics also have drawbacks ehich limit their use in all situations. Therefore, other approaches such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and antibacterial peptides were considered as alternatives. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment that uses photosensitizing agents, along with light, to kill bacteria. The photosensitizing agents only work after they have been activated by certain kinds of light. Antibacterial peptides are a unique and diverse group of molecules which have between 12 and 50 amino acids in general. In this paper, will reviewt hree mentioned topics, namely antibiotics, photodynamic therapy and antibacterial peptides and will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each approach briefly.

Phage Therapy for Mycobacterium Abscessus and Strategies to Improve Outcomes

“…To combat multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria such as M. abscessus, breakthrough strategies that go beyond classical antibiotic mechanisms are urgently needed. Some of those strategies include using natural products with antimicrobial effects extracted from plants or other sources [10], nanoparticles that possess antimicrobial properties that can overcome common resistant mechanisms [11], combinations of different antibiotics as a novel treatment [12], structural alterations/modification of the existing antibiotic classes [13], antimicrobial peptides [14] pathogen-specific monoclonal antibodies [15], antibodyantibiotic conjugates [16], microbiota transplants [17], modulations of the small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) by specific drugs [18], inhibiting the evolution of the drug resistant genes by lowering the mutation rate [19], synthetic or natural polymers [20], vaccination against superbugs [21] and therapeutic bacteriophages (Figure 1) [22]. Therapeutic bacteriophages are pathogen-specific and safe for human tissues [23].…”

Antibacterial Photodynamic Inactivation of Fagopyrin F from Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) Flower against Streptococcus mutans and Its Biofilm

“…ROS produced by PS membrane attachment inactivates the membrane transport system and associated enzymes, thereby inducing lipid peroxidation, which damages the cell membrane structure [32,33]. Esmatabadi et al reported that after PDImediated cell membrane destruction, cytoplasm contents and metabolites were released from cells, and DNA was damaged [34]. In this study, we observed the destruction and cytoplasmic release of S. mutans cell membranes via the PDI treatment of FFF.…”

Plant active products and emerging interventions in water potabilisation: disinfection and multi-drug resistant pathogen treatment

“…Antibiotics can block nucleic acid replication and halt transcription by inhibition of DNA polymerase, helicase or RNA polymerase. Examples are rifampin, trimethoprim, quinolones and sulphonamides [37,123].…”