“…• Variety. Geospatial data can be collected using diverse technologies, such as GPS, RFID, social networks with location features, and VGI (Al-Yadumi, Xion, Wei, & Boursier, 2021). Their types, structures, semantics, and formats are heterogeneous due to differences between the multiple data sources, purposes, and collection approaches (Işikdağ, 2020).…”