Review on Metal–Organic Framework Classification, Synthetic Approaches, and Influencing Factors: Applications in Energy, Drug Delivery, and Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

Metal ions or clusters that have been bonded with organic linkers to create one-or more-dimensional structures are referred to as metal−organic frameworks (MOFs). Reticular synthesis also forms MOFs with properly designated components that can result in crystals with high porosities and great chemical and thermal stability. Due to the wider surface area, huge pore size, crystalline nature, and tunability, numerous MOFs have been shown to be potential candidates in various fields like gas storage and delivery, energy storage, catalysis, and chemical/biosensing. This study provides a quick overview of the current MOF synthesis techniques in order to familiarize newcomers in the chemical sciences field with the fast-growing MOF research. Beginning with the classification and nomenclature of MOFs, synthesis approaches of MOFs have been demonstrated. We also emphasize the potential applications of MOFs in numerous fields such as gas storage, drug delivery, rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and separation membranes. Lastly, the future scope is discussed along with prospective opportunities for the synthesis and application of nano-MOFs, which will help promote their uses in multidisciplinary research.

Current and promising applications of Hf(iv)-based MOFs in clinical cancer therapy

“…It produces very fine crystals at high temperatures of about 5000 or 4000 K as well as at a pressure of 1000 bar. 70 In one report, the nMOF was mixed with fucose gel or dextran and sonicated. For loading, the drug was washed twice for 1 h by centrifugation except that the drug dissolved in DMSO was added to the nMOF in water or methanol.…”

“…69 Presently, the main methods for the syntheses of MOFs are solvothermal, microwave, electrochemical, mechanochemical, etc. 70 In the review presented herewith, the methods involved in the synthesis of Hf( iv )-MOFs, namely, one-pot solvent thermal method, post-synthetic modification method (PSM), ultrasonic chemical method, and reduction method have been discussed.…”

Stimuli-Responsive Design of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Cancer Theranostics: Current Challenges and Future Perspective

“…Generally, metal ions comprised in the first row of the transition series, viz. 38 , chromium (Cr 3+ ), cobalt (Co 2+ ), zinc (Zn 2+ ), and ferric (Fe 3+ ), have been widely investigated. Additionally, the researchers have also explored alkali metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, and rare earth metal ions for MOF synthesis to a certain extent.…”

Kinetic Modeling of Ring-Opening Polymerization of Benzoxazines Using MIL-53-Al as a Potent Catalyst

“…Metal/metal oxide clusters that are connected through organic linkers constitute their structures. 38,39 Moreover, MOFs have high porosity, low density, and large pore volume with a high surface area, which are critical parameters for some applications. 30−42 For example, MOFs are wellknown for their ability to catalyze diverse types of reactions, including polymerizations.…”

“…Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a relatively new class of porous materials that have an ordered and well-defined structure. Metal/metal oxide clusters that are connected through organic linkers constitute their structures. , Moreover, MOFs have high porosity, low density, and large pore volume with a high surface area, which are critical parameters for some applications. − For example, MOFs are well-known for their ability to catalyze diverse types of reactions, including polymerizations. Numerous MOF-based catalysts have been previously developed for catalytic polymerization. − Moreover, among MOF-based composites, MOF-polymer hybrids have recently gained tremendous attention in the field of composite materials. − Typically, many MOFs are more compatible with organic matrixes compared to well-known inorganic nanofillers like silica, alumina, and mesoporous carbon since the organic linkers may interact with the monomers/polymers via different routes. , The mutual combination of MOFs and polymers has created a new field in both polymer and MOF chemistry and technology.…”