Review on Methodologies Used in the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles: Significance of Phytosynthesis Using Plant Extract as an Emerging Tool

Abstract

: Nanosized particles, with a size of less than 100 nm, have a wide variety of applications in various fields of nanotechnology and biotechnology, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Metal nanoparticles [MNPs] have been synthesized by different chemical and physical procedures. Still, the biological approach or green synthesis [phytosynthesis] is considered as a preferred method due to eco-friendliness, nontoxicity, and cost-effective production. Various plants and plant extracts have been used for the green synthesis of MNPs, including biofabrication of noble metals, metal oxides, and bimetallic combinations. Biomolecules and metabolites present in plant extract cause the reduction of metal ions into nanosized particles by one-step preparation methods. MNPs have remarkable attractiveness in biomedical applications for their use as potential antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial agents. The present review offers a comprehensive aspect of MNPs production via top-to-bottom and bottom-to-top approach with considerable emphasis on green technology and their possible biomedical applications. The critical parameters governing the MNPs formation by plant-based synthesis are also highlighted in this review.

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“…To reduce the impact of toxicity on the plant, it is advisable to use copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). CuNPs in the recommended dose improved the pigment content and antioxidant activity in the plant and have no toxic effects, including morphological and/or physiological changes [41,51].…”

“…MnO nanoparticles are mainly produced by bacteria in the environment [40]. In recent studies, phytoextracts have been used in the production of Mn nanoparticles [38,41]. However, the physiological and toxicological effects of various Mn nanoparticles on agricultural crops are relatively less known.…”

Biomedical applications of cerium vanadate nanoparticles: a review

“…13 The shape and size of CeVO 4 NPs can be altered by adjusting variables, including temperature, pH, solvent, concentration, and surfactant. 14 The prospective applications of NPs in various industries, including biomedicine, have been investigated. 15 The biological applications of CeVO 4 NPs include anticancer therapy, antibacterial activity, biosensing, and drug or gene delivery.…”

Photocatalytic Removal of Crystal Violet Dye Utilizing Greenly Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

“…Nevertheless, the utilization of microorganisms has certain drawbacks, such as (i) the sluggish rates of synthesis; (ii) the requirement for several steps, including culture preparation and isolation; (iii) the factor of time consumption; and (iv) the restricted ranges of sizes and forms [22]. In order to address these constraints, researchers have devised a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable approach known as the utilization of plant extracts for the synthesis of nanoparticles, which involves a single-step process [23]. The presence of dyes in industrial effluent can have significant adverse effects on the environment and pose risks to both human health and aquatic organisms.…”