Review on Video Watermarking Techniques in Spatial and Transform Domain

Gupta, Garima; Gupta, Vishal; Chandra, Mahesh

doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2752-6_67

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In the spatial domain, there are four different types of watermarking systems [14]: LSB-based [5,15], block-based [16], statistical [17,18] and feature point-based [19]. In LSB-based, the watermark is embedded by changing the LSB of each pixel in the host image or video.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main contributions of this work include: (1) The proposed invisible video watermarking method satisfies the different positions of watermarks and achieves a good performance trade-off between imperceptibility and security; (2) frame selection strategy based on the absolute histogram difference between neighbouring frames is proposed to avoid embedding the watermark frame by frame and to solve the contradiction between the invisibility and security, (3) The use of a frame-watermark matching technique for determining the location to embed the watermark helps to reduce the error during the embedding process and improves the imperceptibility, (4) addition of further level of security to the methodology via secret key based non-sequencing video frames, blocks location, and watermark size. (5) Research evidence shows that the suggested approach surpasses current leading methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Watermarks if not visible to the human eye are said to be imperceptible and difficult to detect using detection tools [2,4,5]. The insertion of watermarks should not have a negative impact on the quality of a video.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Invisible Video Watermarking Based on Frame Selection and LSB Embedding

2024

IJIES

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Watermarking digital media content could undoubtedly discourage and prevent such illegal sharing activities, safeguarding the copyrights of the original creators. Such content could make use of invisible watermarking, not just for robustness and security, but also for imperceptibility. The proposed research presents a frame selection strategy based on the difference between the absolute histograms of consecutive frames. To increase security and robustness and avoid embedding the watermark frame by frame, ten frames with the maximum absolute histogram value are selected for watermark embedding. The size of the watermark would determine the number of nonoverlapping blocks that a key frame is divided into in order to embed the watermark. The watermarks are embedded into the LSB of the frame-blocks, which have the most matched location where the embedding error will be minimum with high imperceptibility. Security can be further enhanced by generating a secret key based on non-sequential video frames, block location, and watermark size. The proposed method surpasses other comparable methods in terms of imperceptibility and robustness to image processing and geometrical attacks, and it is also computationally inexpensive. The results of the proposed method outperformed the best state-of-the-art methods in MPSNR and MNCC by 16 dB and 0.018, respectively.

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