Review: The roles and functions of glutamine on intestinal health and performance of weaning pigs

Ji, Fuxi; Wang, L X; Yang, Huansheng; Hu, Anla; Yin, Yulong

doi:10.1017/s1751731119001800

Cited by 69 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…These results demonstrated that the function for nutrient absorption in the intestine of piglets was impaired in the weaning process. Weaning stress includes dietary and environmental transitions, and separation from the dam has been demonstrated to disrupt antioxidant defense capacity and cause oxidative stress in piglets (Yin et al, 2014;Ji et al, 2019). In the present study, DEGs related to the oxidation-reduction process and oxidoreductase activity were identified by GO enrichment analysis, which may elucidate the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by early weaning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that glutamine plays a critical role in maintaining multiple important functions, such as nutrient metabolism, immune response, and intestinal integrity, as well as the synthesis of other bioactive compounds (Li et al, 2018). Therefore, glutamine supplementation in weaning piglets may be an effective way to improve growth and maintain gut health (Wang et al, 2008;Ji et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Weaning Alters Intestinal Gene Expression Involved in Nutrient Metabolism by Shaping Gut Microbiota in Pigs

et al. 2020

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Weaning transition usually impairs intestinal architecture and functions and results in gut-associated disorders in pigs. Understanding the changes in intestinal transcriptome and gut microbiota during weaning transition is important for elucidating the underlying mechanism of weaning stress. In the present study, we performed RNA-seq to determine the changes in intestinal transcriptome and 16S rRNA sequencing to measure the gut microbiota changes in the weaning transition. Transcriptome results indicated that weaning transition altered intestinal gene expression involved in nutrient transport and metabolism. Regarding fatty metabolism, fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADSB), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) expression in the intestine was decreased by weaning. Genes related to bile acid metabolism were increased by weaning, including FABP6, farnesoid X receptor (FXR or NR1H4) and organic solute transporter-α (SLC51A). In addition, genes associated with oxidative stress were altered by weaning transition, including decreased catalase (CAT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) and increased glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2) and superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3). Results of microbiota composition showed that the Firmicutes abundance and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio were increased and that the Proteobacteria abundance in the fecal microbiota was decreased by the weaning process; during the weaning transition, the Bacteroides and Fusobacterium abundances decreased markedly, and these bacteria nearly disappeared, while the Prevotella abundance showed a marked increase. Moreover, the levels of the microbial metabolites butyrate and acetate increased with changes in gut microbiota composition. In addition, predictive metagenome by PICRUSt analysis showed that the pathways related to D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism were decreased and the pathway related to retinol metabolism was increased in the gut microbiota of piglets during weaning transition. Our results showed that early weaning alters intestinal gene expression involved in nutrient metabolism, which may be due to the changes in microbiota composition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weaning Alters Intestinal Gene Expression Involved in Nutrient Metabolism by Shaping Gut Microbiota in Pigs

et al. 2020

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“…It is known that glutamic acid (GLU) is a non-essential amino acid that is abundantly present in the body and plays an essential function in cellular metabolism and immune responses [5]. The GLU is a precursor for protein synthesis and has been attracting attention for its diverse metabolic functions in weaned pigs [6,7]. Moreover, GLU is an important precursor for intestinal formation and immune system in the small intestine and can contribute to the immediate effect on nutrient absorption [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Glutamic Acid Modulates Immune Responses and Gut Health of Weaned Pigs

Kyoung

Lee

Cho

et al. 2021

Animals

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Dietary glutamic acid (GLU) is used as a feed additive because of its functional characteristics that may affect the growth performance and health of pigs. This study was carried out to determine the effects of dietary GLU on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune responses, and intestinal health of weaned pigs. A total of ninety-six weaned pigs (8.07 ± 1.17 kg of body weight; 28 days of age) were assigned to two dietary treatments (8 pigs/pen; 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block: body weight): 1) a typical weaner diet (CON) and 2) CON supplemented with 0.5% GLU. The experimental period was for 4 weeks. All data and sample collections were performed at the specific time points during the experimental period. Pigs fed GLU had higher average daily gain and average daily feed intake for the first two weeks and nutrient digestibility than pigs fed CON. In addition, dietary GLU increased villus height to crypt depth ratio, number of goblet cells, and ileal gene expression of claudin family and occludin compared with CON, but decreased serum TNF-α and IL-6 and ileal gene expression of TNF-α. Moreover, pigs fed GLU had increased relative composition of bacterial communities of genus Prevotella and Anaerovibrio and decreased genus Clostridium and Terrisporobacter compared with those fed CON. This study suggests that dietary GLU influences growth performance and health of weaned pigs by modulating nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, ileal gene expression of tight junction proteins and cytokines, immune responses, and microbial community in the gut.

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“…Intestinal diseases in childhood can lead to anemia, malnutrition, and impaired mental skills, which are hazardous to long-term life quality [11,12]. In livestock production, intestinal damage in young animals results in decreased growth rates and increased morbidity and mortality [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Soy Protein Isolate Attenuates Intestinal Immunoglobulin and Mucin Expression in Young Mice Compared with Casein

Zeng

Wang

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Dietary protein sources have profound effects on children and young animals, and are important for the gut barrier function and immune resilience. Milk and soy are the main sources of protein for children and young animals after weaning. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of dairy and soy proteins on the intestinal barrier in early development. Weanling C57BL/6 mice were fed AIN-93G diets prepared with casein or soy protein isolate (SPI) for 21 days. Compared with those fed with the casein diet, mice fed with the SPI diet did not change their body weight and organ coefficients, but increased their feed intake and ratio of feed to gain. SPI lowered the level of luminal secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and downregulated the levels of IL-4, IL-13, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (Pigr), Janus kinase 1 (Jak1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6), and transforming growth factor-β (Tgfb) in the mouse ileum. Western blotting of ileal proteins confirmed that SPI suppressed the activation of the JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathway. Furthermore, SPI attenuated intestinal mucin production, as demonstrated by the decreased numbers of intestinal goblet cells and the reduced relative expression levels of mucin 1 (Muc1), mucin 2 (Muc2), trefoil factor 3 (Tff3), glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), and anterior gradient homolog 2 (Agr2). The results indicated that the SPI diet could attenuate mouse intestinal immunity, as demonstrated by decreased SIgA and mucin production in the intestine. Therefore, we suggest that our findings should be of consideration when SPI or casein are used as dietary protein sources.

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Review: The roles and functions of glutamine on intestinal health and performance of weaning pigs

Cited by 69 publications

References 59 publications

Weaning Alters Intestinal Gene Expression Involved in Nutrient Metabolism by Shaping Gut Microbiota in Pigs

Weaning Alters Intestinal Gene Expression Involved in Nutrient Metabolism by Shaping Gut Microbiota in Pigs

Dietary Glutamic Acid Modulates Immune Responses and Gut Health of Weaned Pigs

Dietary Soy Protein Isolate Attenuates Intestinal Immunoglobulin and Mucin Expression in Young Mice Compared with Casein

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