Effective governance of rural society is an important element of the national governance system, and social work, as an important element of village construction, is a useful supplement to the rural governance system. After studying the mechanism of social work-driven rural social governance, this paper uses social work and the effectiveness of rural social governance as explanatory variables. It then designs relevant questionnaire scales and collects data from sample villages. We measure the relationship between variables using mathematical and statistical methods like correlation analysis and the PLS-SEM model to investigate how social work drives effective rural social governance. The results of the study show that “participation capacity,” “performance expectations,” “role position consistency,” “village identity,” “village autonomy atmosphere,” “government support,” “participation behavior,” and “participation effect” all influenced social work to drive the effective governance of village society (P<0.05). It is possible to play the role of the core leadership of the basic party organization in the countryside, improve the villagers’ awareness of self-governance, improve the system of village self-governance, and play the role of the villagers as the basic force in village governance. It can cultivate a perfect three-governance integration of rural governance systems, improve the cultural quality of villagers, and further enhance the effective governance of rural society.