Revisiting the Role of Knee External Rotation in Non-Contact ACL Mechanism of Injury

Abstract

An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a severe sports injury that often occurs in young athletes. Besides the strong cumulative evidence on noncontact ACL tears, the injury mechanism (especially the contribution of external rotation) is still not well understood. The present work aims to evaluate which knee kinetics result in higher ACL stress and strain. A finite element model of the ACL was developed with a detailed geometry; the two distinct bundles (anteromedial and posterolateral) and the surrounding connective tissue were modelled based on medical anatomic measures and images. The model was validated using computational and cadaveric external data. Sixteen simulations were performed using different combinations of moments and axial loads applied to the knee model as boundary conditions. The results demonstrated that the peak stress (11.00 MPa) and strain (0.048) occurred at the midportion of the anteromedial bundle with the higher values being obtained under a combined knee valgus, flexion, tibial external rotation and high axial load. Anterior load showed low sensitivity in ACL stress and strain peaks. The tibial external rotation showed a higher contribution to the peak ACL stress and strain as compared to internal rotation. These results reinforce the role of axial load and highlight the importance of external rotation on ACL stress and strain, which may be suggestive of the ACL tear mechanism. The role of external rotation is often neglected and should be further explored in future cadaveric and experimental studies. The findings of this study provide data-driven insights to optimize the indications for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of ACL injuries in clinical practice and contribute to raising awareness of the injury mechanism among all relevant stakeholders.

3-Dimensional Biomechanics of Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Male Professional Soccer Players

“…These findings complement the current knowledge on the role of the external valgus moment. 13,31,33,38 Also, they corroborate the hypothesis of an externally applied internal rotation moment, which was supposed to be applied to the knee undergoing the ACL failure, 1 despite this historically being an inconsistent or controversial point. Notably, such internal tibial torque generated by an external reaction force likely produced the observed internal knee rotation, while the knee had previously been externally rotated (Figure 5, right panel).…”

“…Notably, such internal tibial torque generated by an external reaction force likely produced the observed internal knee rotation, while the knee had previously been externally rotated (Figure 5, right panel). 33 Furthermore, we present evidence that a net valgus shift (likely produced by an external valgus moment, exceeding the internal balancing muscle stabilization) is applied throughout the entire duration from IC to IF, alongside an internal rotation moment (technically, an external moment produced by the ground-reaction forces transmitted throughout the kinetic chain from the ankle to the knee). Just after IC, when the loading is still incomplete, knee stabilizers manage to externally rotate the knee.…”