Revitalizing the HIV response in Pakistan: A systematic review and policy implications

Singh, Sonal; Ambrosio, Marco; Semini, Iris; Tawil, Oussama; Saleem, Muhammad; Imran, Muhammad; Beyrer, Chris

doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.05.011

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…As a result a vast majority of these individuals become commercial sex workers or beggars to make its financial needs [27]. In Pakistan incident rates of HIV infections among transgenders are very high where 17.5% of the total reported HIV infected cases are transgenders [28]. In order to find if similar situation exists for HCV infections, available data of 877 transgenders from the screening camps were analyzed and found HCV prevalence in these individuals is not higher than their counterpart cis genders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of hepatitis C prevalence in the Punjab province of Pakistan: A retrospective study on general population

et al. 2019

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Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are amongst the leading public health concerns in Pakistan with a high disease burden. Despite the availability of effective antiviral treatments in the country the disease burden in general population has not lowered. This could be attributed to the asymptomatic nature of this infection that results in lack of diagnosis until the late symptomatic stage. To better estimate and map HCV infections in the country a population-based analysis is necessary for an effective control of the infection. Methods Serologic samples of ~66,000 participants from all major cities of the Punjab province were tested for anti-HCV antibodies. The antibody-based seroprevalence was associated with socio-demographic variables including geographical region, age, gender and sex, and occupation. Results Overall serological response to HCV surface antigens was observed in over 17% of the population. Two of the districts were identified with significantly high prevalence in general population. Analysis by occupation showed significantly high prevalence in farmers (over 40%) followed by jobless and retired individuals, laborers and transporters. A significant difference in seroprevalence was observed in different age groups amongst sex and genders (male, female and transgender) with highest response in individuals of over 40 years of age. Moreover, most of the tested IDUs showed positive response for anti-HCV antibody. Conclusion This study represents a retrospective analysis of HCV infections in general population of the most populated province of Pakistan to identify socio-demographic groups at higher risk. Two geographical regions, Faisalabad and Okara districts, and an occupational group, farmers, were identified with significantly high HCV seroprevalence. These socio-demographic groups are the potential focused groups for follow-up studies on factors contributing to the high HCV prevalence in these groups towards orchestrating effective prevention, control and treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of hepatitis C prevalence in the Punjab province of Pakistan: A retrospective study on general population

et al. 2019

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“…In Pakistan the HIV incidence among transgender people contributes up to 17.5% of the entire HIV population. 3,4 Moreover, in Pakistan, approximately 71% of the transgender sex worker-cum-injected drug users have sexual relationship with other drugusers and up to 33.7% of them did not use condom in the last coitus with their clients. 5 Similarly in India, the use of condom during anal sex remains low and almost two thirds of transgender people have no access to treatment of STI.…”

Section: Transgender Health In India Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgender health in India and Pakistan

2016

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“…The prevention of infection should be the aim in all at risk communities. Knowledge of the prevalent risk factors is of paramount importance for developing plans to control the incidence of infection 11. Therefore; the present study was designed to identify the risk factors of HIV-1 infection in the KP population by comparing HIV-antibody positive cases with HIV antibody-negative controls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa population: A case control study

et al. 2019

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Objectives: The present study aims to identify the risk factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1(HIV-1) infection in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) population by comparing HIV-antibody positive cases with HIV-antibody-negative controls. Methods: The study was designed at the Family Care Centre (FCC), Hayatabad Medical Centre (HMC) Peshawar from February 2015 to December 2016. A total of 280 individuals were selected randomly for the study as cases and control. Data was collected on a structured questionnaire with informed oral consent. The collected data was analysed statistically using SPSS version 20. Results: Out of 280 individuals, 56% were males, 44% were females, and 53.21% belonged to the urban areas. The literacy rate was 48.6%, and 75.4% were married. The statistical analysis of risk factors revealed the following factors as of significance value (p < 0.05). Family history of HIV (OR = 9.46), spouse status of HIV (OR=22.22), injection drug users (IDUs), migrants (OR=2.234), use of therapeutic injections (OR= 2.791), employment (OR=2.545), male gender (OR=2.35), tattooing (OR=7.667) and history of blood transfusion (OR= 2.69). Conclusion: The present study revealed spouse status of HIV, tattooing, migrants, IDUs, use of therapeutic injections, history of blood transfusion, male gender and employment as significant risk factors for HIV infection in the population of KP. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.258 How to cite this:Haider J, Lutfullah G, Irshad ur Rehman, Khattak I. Identification of risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa population: A case control study. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(5):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.258 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Revitalizing the HIV response in Pakistan: A systematic review and policy implications

Cited by 20 publications

References 18 publications

Estimation of hepatitis C prevalence in the Punjab province of Pakistan: A retrospective study on general population

Estimation of hepatitis C prevalence in the Punjab province of Pakistan: A retrospective study on general population

Transgender health in India and Pakistan

Identification of risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa population: A case control study

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