Rhazes, a pioneer in contribution to trials in medical practice

Abstract

Medicinska povijest pokazuje da su se perzijski liječnici služili znanstvenim metodama u liječenju, temeljenim na kliničkim iskustvima i promatranjima još od predislamskog vremena (prije 637. godine) i stoljećima poslije (u islamskom dobu). Rhazes je bio jedan od perzijskih liječnika priznat kao ljekarnik, kemičar i istaknuti znanstveni pisac o različitim temama iz medicine i filozofije. U ovom radu nastojali smo istražiti klinička iskustva, kao i etičke i kritičke stavove Rhazesa u medicinskoj praksi. Rhazes je promovirao etiku u medicinskoj struci. Iznio je kritične ključne točke o antičkim pisanim tekstovima. Srušio je drevne liječničke tabue u medicinskim teorijama i procijenio ih na temelju vlastita iskustva. Provodio je evaluacije za svoje teorije na životinjama i u predklinici te proveo i prva klinička ispitivanja s kontrolnim grupama u povijesti. Njegova kritička stajališta o medicinskim znanostima, kao i vjerovanje u eksperimente rezultirali su mnogim medicinskim, kemijskim i farmaceutskim otkrićima. Stoga se Rhazesa u povijesti može smatrati pionirom u korištenju ispitivanja i eksperimenata za odobravanje medicinskih metoda.

Rhazes’ Contributions to Alchemy and Pharmacy

“…He had a great practical view and used his own research and experiences to develop pharmacy. Rhazes is known as a pioneer of animal and human studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of his medicines and medical approaches (28). Fur- thermore, he had a critical perspective towards scientific issues and avoided accepting and copying predecessors' knowledge unless he would find them acceptable.…”

Marham‐Mafasel decrease joint inflammation and IL‐1β gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis animal model

“…Interestingly, about 59% of Pharmacopoeia is obtained from herbal plants (Swerdlow, 2000). In the history, Persian Medicine (PM) dates back to 10,000 years ago which was one of the burgeoning schools of medicine (Ghaffari et al, 2014(Ghaffari et al, , 2017. PM with several thousands of manuscripts, famous scientists and verbal sources in different languages can be helpful in the treatment of various diseases and in the development of new drugs by using modern technology (Ahmadi et al, 2009;Goshtasebi et al, 2015;Pasalar et al, 2013).…”

Anti-inflammatory activity of a natural herbal-marine drug (MS14 - SANT and SUSP) compared to sodium salicylate or methylprednisolone in a rat model for multiple sclerosis

“…1 Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) consists of huge practical experiences for disease prevention and treatment that have been used from more than 10,000 years. 8,9 It could be considered as a potential source for finding novel treatment strategies as shown in some recent researches. 10,11 In TPM, the emphasis is more on prevention rather than treatment.…”

“…It has been used in TPM as an anti-inflammatory drug to relieve pain in multiple sclerosis. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] It has been patented at the registration office of Islamic Republic of Iran (no: 29350) and classified as equivalent to food with no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL). 21 Our previous double blind, placebocontrolled, crossover study have shown that MS14 improve mobility and quality of life of patients.…”