Rheological, Mechanical, and thermal properties of polylactide/cellulose nanofiber biocomposites

Safdari, Fatemeh; Bagheriasl, Davood; Carreau, Pierre J.; Heuzey, M. C.; Kamal, Musa R.

doi:10.1002/pc.24127

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…However, for the samples based on the solution-prepared PLA-CNC masterbatch, a shear-thinning behavior for g Ã without any plateau region at low frequencies is observed and G 0 values tend towards a plateau at low frequencies, illustrating clearly the strong effect of CNCs on the rheological properties of PLA/ CNC composites. This is an indication of a network formation and a transition from liquid-to solid-like behavior as observed for polymer-cellulose composites and nanocomposites [5,9,10,16,17]. We attribute this behavior to the good dispersion of the CNCs in the samples prepared with the PLA-CNC masterbatch.…”

Section: Rheologysupporting

confidence: 58%

Development of cellulose nanocrystal‐reinforced polylactide: A comparative study on different preparation methods

et al. 2017

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A masterbatch of polylactide (PLA) containing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) prepared via a solution-cast method was further diluted with neat PLA in the melt state using either a twin-screw extruder or an internal batch mixer to reach a final CNC content of 4 wt%. For the sake of comparison, a direct melt mixing method was employed to prepare PLA-CNC composites. Then, the efficiency of the preparation methods was assessed by comparing the morphological, rheological and thermomechanical properties of the compounded samples. Scanning electron microscopy showed the disappearance of large agglomerates when using the PLA-CNC masterbatch. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the existence of well-dispersed CNCs within the PLA matrix at a nanoscale for masterbatch-based nanocomposites. The rheological properties of the nanocomposites containing the PLA-CNC masterbatch were significantly increased for both steady and small-amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, compared to the composites prepared via direct melt mixing. In addition, the masterbatch-based nanocomposites exhibited pronounced overshoots in the transient start-up viscosity. The crystalline content of the PLA in the nanocomposites and the crystallization temperature increased when the CNCs were well dispersed, which showed the nucleating effect of the CNCs. In dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, the storage modulus of the nanocomposites increased up to 41 and 128% in the glassy and rubbery regions, respectively. These results show that hydrophilic CNCs can be well dispersed and reinforce PLA using efficient preparation methods. POLYM. COMPOS., 00:000-000,

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Section: Rheologysupporting

confidence: 58%

Development of cellulose nanocrystal‐reinforced polylactide: A comparative study on different preparation methods

et al. 2017

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“…The findings revealed that reinforcing by 1 wt.% CNF could increase both the tensile strength and Young's modulus by 17%. Similarly, Safdari et al [54] also reported that the tensile strength and Young's modulus of PLA/5 wt.% CNF were higher by 31 and 50%, respectively, compared to the neat PLA. Besides that, CNF had a large specific surface area due to its small size and was found to be a heterogeneous nucleation site for crystallization in PLA.…”

Section: Mechanical Performancementioning

confidence: 81%

Functionality of Cellulose Nanofiber as Bio-Based Nucleating Agent and Nano-Reinforcement Material to Enhance Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite

et al. 2021

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Polylactic acid (PLA), a potential alternative material for single use plastics, generally portrays a slow crystallization rate during melt-processing. The use of a nanomaterial such as cellulose nanofibers (CNF) may affect the crystallization rate by acting as a nucleating agent. CNF at a certain wt.% has been evidenced as a good reinforcement material for PLA; nevertheless, there is a lack of information on the correlation between the amount of CNF in PLA that promotes its functionality as reinforcement material, and its effect on PLA nucleation for improving the crystallization rate. This work investigated the nucleation effect of PLA incorporated with CNF at different fiber loading (1–6 wt.%) through an isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics study using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Mechanical properties of the PLA/CNF nanocomposites were also investigated. PLA/CNF3 exhibited the highest crystallization onset temperature and enthalpy among all the PLA/CNF nanocomposites. PLA/CNF3 also had the highest crystallinity of 44.2% with an almost 95% increment compared to neat PLA. The highest crystallization rate of 0.716 min–1 was achieved when PLA/CNF3 was isothermally melt crystallized at 100 °C. The crystallization rate was 65-fold higher as compared to the neat PLA (0.011 min–1). At CNF content higher than 3 wt.%, the crystallization rate decreased, suggesting the occurrence of agglomeration at higher CNF loading as evidenced by the FESEM micrographs. In contrast to the tensile properties, the highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus were recorded by PLA/CNF4 at 76.1 MPa and 3.3 GPa, respectively. These values were, however, not much different compared to PLA/CNF3 (74.1 MPa and 3.3 GPa), suggesting that CNF at 3 wt.% can be used to improve both the crystallization rate and the mechanical properties. Results obtained from this study revealed the dual function of CNF in PLA nanocomposite, namely as nucleating agent and reinforcement material. Being an organic and biodegradable material, CNF has an increased advantage for use in PLA as compared to non-biodegradable material and is foreseen to enhance the potential use of PLA in single use plastics applications.

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“…[26][27][28] Furthermore, CNCs are expected to provide favorable structural orientation and rheological and mechanical properties during the printing process. [29][30][31] CNCs containing inks usually exhibit shear thinning behavior even without the addition of any rheology modifiers, where CNCs are oriented preferably in the printing direction. 12,24 CNCs with carboxyl functional groups (charge density 0.5 mmol g −1 ) useful for crosslinking 14 and with proven cytocompatibility (cell growth after 15 days of incubation) 14,32 were used in the current study for the fabrication of biomedical hydrogel scaffolds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D printed scaffolds with gradient porosity based on a cellulose nanocrystal hydrogel

2018

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3-Dimensional (3D) printing provides a unique methodology for the customization of biomedical scaffolds with respect to size, shape, pore structure and pore orientation useful for tissue repair and regeneration. 3D printing was used to fabricate fully bio-based porous scaffolds of a double crosslinked interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) from a hydrogel ink of sodium alginate and gelatin (SA/G) reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). CNCs provided favorable rheological properties required for 3D printing. The 3D printed scaffolds were crosslinked sequentially via covalent and ionic reactions resulting in dimensionally stable hydrogel scaffolds with pore sizes of 80-2125 μm and nanoscaled pore wall roughness (visible from scanning electron microscopy) favorable for cell interaction. The 2D wide angle X-ray scattering studies showed that the nanocrystals orient preferably in the printing direction; the degree of orientation varied between 61-76%. The 3D printing pathways were optimised successfully to achieve 3-dimensional scaffolds (Z axis up to 20 mm) with uniform as well as gradient pore structures. This study demonstrates the potential of 3D printing in developing bio-based scaffolds with controlled pore sizes, gradient pore structures and alignment of nanocrystals for optimal tissue regeneration.

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Rheological, Mechanical, and thermal properties of polylactide/cellulose nanofiber biocomposites

Cited by 30 publications

References 40 publications

Development of cellulose nanocrystal‐reinforced polylactide: A comparative study on different preparation methods

Development of cellulose nanocrystal‐reinforced polylactide: A comparative study on different preparation methods

Functionality of Cellulose Nanofiber as Bio-Based Nucleating Agent and Nano-Reinforcement Material to Enhance Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite

3D printed scaffolds with gradient porosity based on a cellulose nanocrystal hydrogel

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