Rhizobium-Linked Nutritional and Phytochemical Changes Under Multitrophic Functional Contexts in Sustainable Food Systems

Abstract

Rhizobia are bacteria that exhibit both endophytic and free-living lifestyles. Endophytic rhizobial strains are widely known to infect leguminous host plants, while some do infect non-legumes. Infection of leguminous roots often results in the formation of root nodules. Associations between rhizobia and host plants may result in beneficial or non-beneficial effects. Such effects are linked to various biochemical changes that have far-reaching implications on relationships between host plants and the dependent multitrophic biodiversity. This paper explores relationships that exist between rhizobia and various plant species. Emphasis is on nutritional and phytochemical changes that occur in rhizobial host plants, and how such changes affect diverse consumers at different trophic levels. The purpose of this paper is to bring into context various aspects of such interactions that could improve knowledge on the application of rhizobia in different fields. The relevance of rhizobia in sustainable food systems is addressed in context.

Recent Advances in the Molecular Effects of Biostimulants in Plants: An Overview

“…Despite the positive results observed throughout the literature, the influence of Rhizobium spp. on gene expression is usually associated with their relationship at the root level, primarily by increasing expression of nod genes which leads to higher nodulation [212].…”

Effects of Abiotic Stress on Soil Microbiome

“…are phylogenetically separated, implying that the two main species of N 2 -fixing symbiotic bacteria have inherited N 2 -fixing mechanism through divergent evolutionary origins [201]. The expected benefit of the relationship for the host plants in all of these associations and symbioses is the fixed-nitrogen from the symbiotic partner, who will in return obtain reduced carbon and essential resources from the host plants [194,202]. The N 2 -fixing bacteria associated to plant roots may offer the necessary mechanisms to shield the nitrogenase complex from oxygen exposure i.e., the oxygen demand of the respiratory system in the nodule is satisfied adequately by simultaneously protecting nitrogenase from O 2 [196,203].…”

Soil Sterilization Eliminates Beneficial Microbes That Provide Natural Pest Suppression Ecosystem Services Against Radopholus similis and Fusarium Oxysporum V5w2 in the Endosphere and Rhizosphere of Tissue Culture Banana Plants

“…Micropropagation techniques utilizing nonexplants have already been developed for conservation of endangered plant species (Bowes, 1990(Bowes, , 1999Bowes and Curtis, 1991). This would link well with the concepts of natural biological control and conservation biological control (van Lenteren et al, 2018), especially as Conservation Agriculture (CA) among other agroecological approaches are increasingly gaining importance within Sustainable Food Systems (Lal, 2020;Nyanga et al, 2020;Page et al, 2020;Ochieno et al, 2021).…”