Rho
            <scp>GTPase</scp>
            Function in Cell Morphogenesis

Pedersen, Esben; Brakebusch, Cord

doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0022525

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…; Kuhn & Geyer, ). In terms of Rac1, these fundamental processes include actin polymerisation, cell adhesion, differentiation, transcriptional regulation and NADPH oxidase activation, to name but a few (Heasman & Ridley, ; Pedersen & Brakebusch, ; Spiering & Hodgson, ; Hall, ; Stanley et al. ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rho GTPase proteins function as molecular switches in many signalling pathways by cycling between an active and inactive form and are therefore involved in many fundamental cellular processes (Bishop & Hall, 2000;Hall, 2012;Chaineau et al 2013;Kuhn & Geyer, 2014). In terms of Rac1, these fundamental processes include actin polymerisation, cell adhesion, differentiation, transcriptional regulation and NADPH oxidase activation, to name but a few (Heasman & Ridley, 2008;Pedersen & Brakebusch, 2010;Spiering & Hodgson, 2011;Hall, 2012;Stanley et al 2012). Much of the knowledge regarding the function of Rac1 has been elucidated through in vitro work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in dermal matrix in the absence of Rac1 in keratinocytes

et al. 2016

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Keratinocytes, in response to irritants, secrete pro-inflammatory mediators which recruit and activate immune and mesenchymal cells, including fibroblasts, to repair the skin. Fibroblasts respond by synthesising collagen and promoting the crosslinking extracellular matrix (ECM). We recently showed that the deletion of Rac1 in keratinocytes causes heightened inflammation due to aberrant crosstalk with immune cells. Indeed, the skin of these mice shows a higher inflammatory response to the induction of irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), and also even to treatment with a vehicle alone, compared with controls. As inflammation is intimately linked with fibrotic disease in the skin, this raised the question as to whether this deletion may also affect the deposition and arrangement of the dermal ECM. This study assessed the effects of Rac1 deletion in keratinocytes and of the heightened inflammatory status by induction of ICD on the tissue localisation and arrangements of dermal collagen. Qualitative analysis did not reveal evidence for the formation of pathologies in the dermis. However, quantitative analysis did reveal some perturbations in the dermal matrix, namely that only the combination of the lack of Rac1 and ICD affects the architectural organisation of the dermal collagen, and that a higher inflammatory state in the tissue (i.e. when Rac1 is deleted in the keratinocytes or ICD is induced in the skin, or a combination of both) influences the diameter of the collagen fibrils. It is proposed that this increase in the diameter of collagen fibrils due to inflammation may serve as pre-fibrotic marker enabling earlier determination of fibrosis and earlier treatment. This study has revealed previously unknown effects on the ECM due to the deletion of Rac1 in keratinocytes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in dermal matrix in the absence of Rac1 in keratinocytes

et al. 2016

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NADPH Oxidase Complex-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species, the Actin Cytoskeleton, and Rho GTPases in Cell Migration

Stanley

Thompson

Hynes

et al. 2014

Antioxidants & Redox Signaling

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Ultrastructural analysis, that is, electron microscopy, particularly immunogold labeling, will enable direct visualization of subcellular compartments. This in conjunction with the analysis of tissues lacking specific Rho GTPases, and Nox components will facilitate a detailed examination of the interactions of these structures with the actin cytoskeleton. In combination with the analysis of ROS production, including its subcellular location, these data will contribute significantly to our understanding of this intricate network under physiological conditions. Based on this, in vivo and in vitro studies can then be combined to elucidate the signaling pathways involved and their targets.

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Cell Migration on Planar and Three-Dimensional Matrices: A Hydrogel-Based Perspective

Jain

Veres

et al. 2015

Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews

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The migration of cells is a complex process that is dependent on the properties of the surrounding environment. In vivo, the extracellular environment is complex with a wide range of physical features, topographies, and protein compositions. There have been a number of approaches to design substrates that can recapitulate the complex architecture in vivo. Two-dimensional (2D) substrates have been widely used to study the effect of material properties on cell migration. However, such substrates do not capture the intricate structure of the extracellular environment. Recent advances in hydrogel assembly and patterning techniques have enabled the design of new three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds and microenvironments. Investigations conducted on these matrices provide growing evidence that several established migratory trends obtained from studies on 2D substrates could be significantly different when conducted in a 3D environment. Since cell migration is closely linked to a wide range of physiological functions, there is a critical need to examine migratory trends on 3D matrices. In this review, our goal is to highlight recent experimental studies on cell migration within engineered 3D hydrogel environments and how they differ from planar substrates. We provide a detailed examination of the changes in cellular characteristics such as morphology, speed, directionality, and protein expression in 3D hydrogel environments. This growing field of research will have a significant impact on tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and in the design of biomaterials.

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Rho GTPase Function in Cell Morphogenesis

Cited by 3 publications

References 62 publications

Changes in dermal matrix in the absence of Rac1 in keratinocytes

Changes in dermal matrix in the absence of Rac1 in keratinocytes

NADPH Oxidase Complex-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species, the Actin Cytoskeleton, and Rho GTPases in Cell Migration

Cell Migration on Planar and Three-Dimensional Matrices: A Hydrogel-Based Perspective

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