“…From a material property perspective, polymers that can decompose by microorganisms are referred to as biodegradable polymers, in contrast to non-biodegradable polymers. Common biodegradable polymers include cellulose Shi et al, 2020;Shi & Huang, 2018;Shi & Wu, 2018), chitosan (Shi, Lu, et al, 2024;Shi & Chang, 2022), and polylactic acid (PLA) (Chou et al, 2021(Chou et al, , 2023Rahmadiawan, Abral, Ilham, et al, 2023;.…”