The integration of LED (light emitting diode) lighting and hydroponic systems has revolutionised modern agriculture. LEDs are beneficial due to their high energy efficiency, longevity, rapid response, affordability, and compactness (Nguyen et al. 2021). Additionally, LEDs are adept at producing monochromatic light, which is advantageous for plant growth, particularly in vertical farming. Light is a critical environmental factor for plant growth and development. Of various light-related factors, including light quality, intensity, and photoperiod, light quality exerts a more complex influence on plant growth. It significantly influences plant morphology, photosynthesis, and yield. Different light wavelengths affect diverse aspects of crop growth crop growth, such as seed germination, root and