Rich QR Codes With Three-Layer Information Using Hamming Code

Abstract

As a kind of machine readable symbol, the Quick Response (QR) code is widely used in all walks of life due to its large information capacity, strong error correction ability and fast read speed. However, the public encoding of the QR code makes its contents unsafe. In this paper, we introduce a novel rich QR code with three-layer information that utilizes the characteristics of the Hamming code and the error correction mechanism of the QR code to protect the secret information. The first layer information, that is, the public information, can be decoded by any standard QR reader. The XOR operation is performed on all shares to obtain the second layer information. Finally, the pixels of the same position in all shares are taken as a set of Hamming codes, respectively, and the third layer information is extracted by a matrix multiplication operation. Compared to other related schemes, the proposed scheme has the advantage of high information embedding efficiency and strong robustness against common image post-processing attacks.

A Novel Three-Layer QR Code Based on Secret Sharing Scheme and Liner Code

“…Liu et al [12] utilized the above to embed extra information bits based on the error correction capability of the QR code. e detailed algorithm is shown in Algorithm 1.…”

“…e motivation of our scheme is to design a high-capacity QR code with three-layer information to protect the sensitive information and overcome the drawbacks of [12], where the Hamming code is used to resume the carrier pixels (we adopt part of the methods in [12]) and the wet paper code is utilized to achieve the blind extraction of the third layer information. We choose the privacy QR code as the second-layer information whose version, error correction level, and module size are same as those of the carrier QR code.…”

“…Despite the above schemes implementing the design of two-level QR code approximately, most existing solutions do not fully consider the information embedding efficiency, which leads to a low secret payload. Liu et al [12] utilized the Hamming code to resume the carrier pixels, which promoted the efficiency of the pixels. However, it is limited by the error correction ability of the QR code that made some pixels not able to be used to construct the Hamming codes.…”

“…Finally, conclusions are given in Section 6. [12]. Hamming code [13] is invented by Richard Wesley Hamming in 1950.…”

High-Precision Authentication Scheme Based on Matrix Encoding for AMBTC-Compressed Images

“…Based on the (7, 4) Hamming code, Ron Crandall proposed an efficient embedding method known as matrix encoding [39]. In matrix encoding, for a (1, n, k) code, the n modifiable bit-places are used to carry the k-bit secret message by flipping at most one modifiable place, where n = 2 k − 1.…”