Rift Valley Fever

Abstract

SYNOPSIS Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a severe veterinary disease of livestock that also causes moderate to severe illness in people. The life cycle of RVF is complex and involves mosquitoes, livestock, people, and the environment. RVF virus (RVFV) is transmitted from either mosquitoes or farm animals to humans, but cannot be transmitted from person to person. People can develop different diseases following infection: febrile illness, ocular disease, hemorrhagic fever, or encephalitis. There is a significant risk for emergence of RVF into new locations, which would affect human health and livestock industries.

Overlapping CD8 + and CD4 + T-cell epitopes identification for the progression of epitope-based peptide vaccine from nucleocapsid and glycoprotein of emerging Rift Valley fever virus using immunoinformatics approach

“…The severe RVFV outbreak have been recorded in human with high fatality rates for the year 2000 to 2016 in different countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, South Africa, Namibia, Mauritania, Egypt, Senegal, Niger and Uganda (Balkhy and Memish, 2003;Hartman, 2017;Hassan et al, 2011;Métras et al, 2012;Monaco et al, 2013;Nguku et al, 2010;Sow et al, 2014Sow et al, , 2016. According to the Mansfield et al (2015) an incursion may occur in Europe due to the geographical range and emergence of RVFV in the northern Egypt and Middle East.…”

“…Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emergent arthropod-borne zoonotic infectious viral disease caused by the Bunyavirus (genus Phlebovirus) Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) which is characterized by the hemorrhagic fever, visual impairment, delayed onset encephalitis, neurological disorder, and photophobia in human and mass abortion, hemorrhage, and hepatitis in sheep, cattle, and other ruminants (Hartman, 2017;Linthicum et al, 2016;Rolin et al, 2013) RVFV presents serious threats to global public health and agriculture in parts of Africa, Madagascar, and the Middle East that is meticulously associated with highrainfall conditions (Davies et al, 1985;Linthicum et al, 2016). RVFV first identified in Rift valley in Kenya in 1930 as a member of the Bunyaviridae family, which is transmitted to the human through infected mosquito vectors as well as through aerosolization, but the initial transmission of the virus to human is thought to be via mucous membrane revelation or inhalation of viral particles during the management of infected animals (Anyangu et al, 2010;Daubney et al, 1931;Hartman, 2017;Ikegami and Makino, 2011).…”

“…RVFV is considered as a potential bioterrorism agent by the United States government due to its virulence and the potential for rapid spread (Borio et al, 2002;Mandell and Flick, 2011) and also categorized as a category-A priority pathogen by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) specified the RVFV as a high consequence pathogen , while the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA, APHIS) designated the RVFV as the third most dangerous animal threat Namibia from 2009 to 2011 (Métras et al, 2012;Monaco et al, 2013), Mauritania in 2010 and Mauritania and Senegal from 2012 to 2015 (Sow et al, 2014(Sow et al, , 2016, and also Niger and Uganda in 2016 with 1220 confirmed human deaths and > 0.5 million estimated human cases (Dar et al, 2013;Hartman, 2017). However, due to the higher fatality rates, RVFV could be a greater threat to the public health, especially in non-endemic regions (Xu et al, 2013).…”

The Impact and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Diseases in the Environment: An African Perspective

“…Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a devastating mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that causes illnesses in humans and animals (Hartman 2017). The virus is a Phlebovirus in the family Bunyaviridae.…”

The challenging management of Rift Valley Fever in humans: literature review of the clinical disease and algorithm proposal

“…The virus infects also humans through inoculation after contact with infected animals or through ingestion of unpasteurized or uncooked by-products of infected animals, or also through inhalation of aerosols produced during the slaughter of infected animals. However, human infections occurred also from the bites of infected mosquitoes, mainly Aedes and Culex but also Anopheles or Mansonia, and other blood-feeding vectors such as flies and ticks have been identified [2][3][4]. To date, no human-to-human transmission of RVFV has been documented.…”