Riparian microclimate and evaporation from a coastal headwater stream, and their response to partial-retention forest harvesting

Guenther, S.; Moore, R. D.; Gomi, Takashi

doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.05.003

Cited by 32 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Data from the literature seem to suggest that river condensation is mainly observed in small sheltered streams under low wind speeds (e.g. Hannah et al ., ; Guenther et al ., ). For instance, Guenther et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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River evaporation, condensation and heat fluxes within a first-order tributary of Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick, Canada)

Caissie

2016

Hydrol. Process.

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Abstract:Stream temperature plays an important role in many biotic and abiotic processes, as it influences many physical, chemical and biological properties in rivers. As such, a good understanding of the thermal regime of rivers is essential for effective fisheries management and the protection aquatic habitats. Moreover, a thorough understanding of underlying physical processes and river heat fluxes is essential in the development of better and more adaptive water temperature models. Very few studies have measured river evaporation and condensation and subsequently calculated corresponding heat fluxes in small tributary streams, mainly because microclimate data (data collected within the stream environment) are essential and rarely available. As such, the present study will address these issues by measuring river evaporation and condensation in tributary 1 (Trib 1, a small tributary within Catamaran Brook) using floating minipans. The latent heat flux and other important fluxes were calculated. Results showed that evaporation was low within the small Trib 1 of Catamaran Brook, less than 0.07 mm day À1 . Results showed that condensation played an important role in the latent heat flux. In fact, condensation was present during 34 of 92 days (37%) during the summer, which occurred when air temperature was greater than water temperature by 4-6°C. Heat fluxes within this small stream showed that solar radiation dominated the heat gains and long-wave radiation dominated the heat losses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These results are consistent with those of Guenther et al . (), who also showed that the free convection term was not significant within their forested site. Their study showed a forced convection term coefficient ( b ) of 1.02 mm day −1 m −1 s −1 kPa −1 , which was lower than the value observed in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

River evaporation, condensation and heat fluxes within a first-order tributary of Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick, Canada)

Caissie

2016

Hydrol. Process.

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“…East Creek's catchment was logged in the 1920s and is currently covered by mature forest stands about 80 yr old, with crown closures of 75-95 %. Griffith Creek's catchment had similar forest cover until autumn of 2004, when the lower section of the catchment was logged under a partial retention approach, resulting in 50 % of the basal area being removed and a 14 % reduction in canopy closure (Guenther et al, 2012). Currently, the lower section's vegetation cover is composed of sparse mature trees and a shrub understory about 1-3 m in height.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latent heat flux (Q e in W m −2 ) was computed using an empirical wind function fitted to evaporimeter data collected at Griffith Creek for both pre-and post-harvest conditions (Guenther et al, 2012):…”

Section: Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winter stream temperature in the rain-on-snow zone of the Pacific Northwest: influences of hillslope runoff and transient snow cover

Leach

Moore

2014

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Stream temperature dynamics during winter are less well studied than summer thermal regimes, but the winter season thermal regime can be critical for fish growth and development in coastal catchments. The winter thermal regimes of Pacific Northwest headwater streams, which provide vital winter habitat for salmonids and their food sources, may be particularly sensitive to changes in climate because they can remain ice-free throughout the year and are often located in rain-on-snow zones. This study examined winter stream temperature patterns and controls in small headwater catchments within the rain-on-snow zone at the Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Two hypotheses were addressed by this study: (1) winter stream temperatures are primarily controlled by advective fluxes associated with runoff processes and (2) stream temperatures should be depressed during rain-on-snow events, compared to rain-on-bare-ground events, due to the cooling effect of rain passing through the snowpack prior to infiltrating the soil or being delivered to the stream as saturation-excess overland flow. A reach-scale energy budget analysis of two winter seasons revealed that the advective energy input associated with hillslope runoff overwhelms vertical energy exchanges (net radiation, sensible and latent heat fluxes, bed heat conduction, and stream friction) and hyporheic energy fluxes during rain and rainon-snow events. Historical stream temperature data and modelled snowpack dynamics were used to explore the influence of transient snow cover on stream temperature over 13 winters. When snow was not present, daily stream temperature during winter rain events tended to increase with increasing air temperature. However, when snow was present, stream temperature was capped at about 5 • C, regardless of air temperature. The stream energy budget modelling and historical analysis support both of our hypotheses. A key implication is that climatic warming may generate higher winter stream temperatures in the rain-on-snow zone due to both increased rain temperature and reduced cooling effect of snow cover.

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“…A sensitivity analysis was not performed on these parameters because, in the absence of direct measurements of latent and sensible heat (e.g. Guenther et al, 2012;Maheu et al, 2014), there was no basis for doing so. Nevertheless, it would have been beneficial to understand the effects of these parameters on model performance, and future studies may wish to address this.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What causes cooling water temperature gradients in a forested stream reach?

Garner

Malcolm

Sadler

et al. 2014

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

103

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Abstract. Previous studies have suggested that shading by riparian vegetation may reduce maximum water temperatures and provide refugia for temperature-sensitive aquatic organisms. Longitudinal cooling gradients have been observed during the daytime for stream reaches shaded by coniferous trees downstream of clear cuts or deciduous woodland downstream of open moorland. However, little is known about the energy exchange processes that drive such gradients, especially in semi-natural woodland contexts without confounding cool groundwater inflows. To address this gap, this study quantified and modelled variability in stream temperature and heat fluxes along an upland reach of the Girnock Burn (a tributary of the Aberdeenshire Dee, Scotland) where riparian land use transitions from open moorland to semi-natural, predominantly deciduous woodland. Observations were made along a 1050 m reach using a spatially distributed network of 10 water temperature data loggers, 3 automatic weather stations and 211 hemispherical photographs that were used to estimate incoming solar radiation. These data parameterised a high-resolution energy flux model incorporating flow routing, which predicted spatio-temporal variability in stream temperature. Variability in stream temperature was controlled largely by energy fluxes at the water-columnatmosphere interface. Net energy gains occurred along the reach, predominantly during daylight hours, and heat exchange across the bed-water-column interface accounted for < 1 % of the net energy budget. For periods when daytime net radiation gains were high (under clear skies), differences between water temperature observations increased in the streamwise direction; a maximum instantaneous difference of 2.5 • C was observed between the upstream reach boundary and 1050 m downstream. Furthermore, daily maximum water temperature at 1050 m downstream was ≤ 1 • C cooler than at the upstream reach boundary and lagged by > 1 h. Temperature gradients were not generated by cooling of stream water but rather by a combination of reduced rates of heating in the woodland reach and advection of cooler (overnight and early morning) water from the upstream moorland catchment. Longitudinal thermal gradients were indistinct at night and on days when net radiation gains were low (under overcast skies), thus when changes in net energy gains or losses did not vary significantly in space and time, and heat advected into the reach was reasonably consistent. The findings of the study and the modelling approach employed are useful tools for assessing optimal planting strategies for mitigating against ecologically damaging stream temperature maxima.

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Riparian microclimate and evaporation from a coastal headwater stream, and their response to partial-retention forest harvesting

Cited by 32 publications

References 34 publications

River evaporation, condensation and heat fluxes within a first-order tributary of Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick, Canada)

River evaporation, condensation and heat fluxes within a first-order tributary of Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick, Canada)

Winter stream temperature in the rain-on-snow zone of the Pacific Northwest: influences of hillslope runoff and transient snow cover

What causes cooling water temperature gradients in a forested stream reach?

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