“…An approach different from direct toxin analyses is the identification of toxin producers (Bluhm, Flaherty, Cousin, & Woloshuk, 2002;Dao, Mathieu, & Lebrihi, 2005;Fente, Ordaz, Vá zquez, Franco, & Cepeda, 2001;Niessen, 2008;Yang et al, 2004;Yong & Cousin, 2001). Another promising concept avoiding emphasis on causative agents which may not be identifiable is ''effect-based'' analysis (Bö hmler, Brack, Gareis, & Goerlich, 2006;Gareis, 2006;Weins & Oehme-Peter, 2006), performed in our Fig. 1.…”