Risk analysis associated to lightning in oil refinery construction sites

A Review of Climate Change Impacts to Oil Sector Critical Services and Suggested Recommendations for Industry Uptake

“…), which can impact and disrupt the oil sector's vital processes, either the supply chain, or the oil sector's actual structure [51,55,77,91,[96][97][98], causing severe complications and many problems to the industry's ageing infrastructure (e.g., buildings, grounds, plants, machinery, and cooling system) [40]. More specifically, processes within the upstream critical service are highly vulnerable to EWEs, as described by literature [51,55,77,91,[96][97][98], while on the contrary, the oil downstream is exposed to EWE according to [27,49,54,55,77,[99][100][101][102][103] and midstream [34,40,76,77,79,[83][84][85][87][88][89][92][93][94][104][105][106][107][108][109][110]…”

“…Damage to structural elements (collapsing processing units), leading to shut off operations, causing loss of production [99] Damages to electromechanical equipment, pipes, valves and to overhead electricity lines inside the refinery area [81] Loss of utilities (e.g., power, communications, steam, compressed gasses, taking out power supplies and control systems [40] Lightning strike Damages to refinery processing and storage activities (internal plants drainage systems or compressor station) [27,100,126] Sea level rise Toxic chemical leaks due to flooding and rupture of tanks and pipelines [54] Storm surge/waves Collapse of flood protection system leading to flooding of refineries and potentially oil spills [77,102] Flash flooding…”