Risk assessment and environmental consequences of the use of the Allium-derived compound propyl-propane thiosulfonate (PTSO) in agrifood applications

Two-Generation Toxicity Study of the Antioxidant Compound Propyl-Propane Thiosulfonate (PTSO)

“…In the present work, the analysis of the length of the estrous cycle was normal and is in agreement with previous results obtained in other two-generation studies using CD1 mice [ 34 ]. Moreover, a cytological study on epithelial cells and leukocytes in mice exposed subchronically to PTSO had been previously carried out and no differences were evident [ 27 ] in accordance with the present work. The number of offspring per litter was normal for each of the dose groups and the vast majority was born alive.…”

“…The animals were 5 weeks old. Mice were chosen considering the advantages they represent versus the use of rats: the high number of animals needed in this experiment, their smaller size, reduced costs, and their higher fertility rates and shorter reproductive cycles [ 27 , 33 , 34 ]. All animals received human care in agreement with the Directive for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (Directive, 2010/63/UE, Decision 2020/569/UE and Real Decreto, 2018), and all procedures were authorized by the Ethical Animal Experimentation Committee of the University of Córdoba and by the Junta de Andalucía (project no.…”

“…After 1 week for acclimation, with controlled conditions and periodical observations, mice were randomly divided into four groups: PTSO was administered through the diet in the 14, 28, and 55 mg PTSO/kg b.w./day dose groups, while the control group was exclusively fed an estrogen-free laboratory diet without PTSO. These selected doses were based on previous studies carried out in our laboratory in rats [ 21 , 26 ] and in mice [ 27 ]. PTSO was administered through the diet, while the control group was exclusively fed an estrogen-free laboratory diet.…”

“…The assessment encompassed the quantification of the subsequent serum hormones’ concentrations: progesterone -P-, testosterone -T-, estradiol -E2-, follicular stimulating hormone –FSH-, and luteinizing hormone -LH-. To accomplish this, the guidelines provided in the manufactured kits as detailed by Cascajosa-Lira et al [ 27 ] and Casas-Rodriguez et al [ 35 ] were followed.…”

“…Recently, an in vivo study has been performed using adult mice exposed to the same doses of PTSO (in a range of 14–55 mg/kg b.w.) for 11 weeks [ 27 ], focusing on the estrous cycle, serum hormone levels, gene expression changes, and molecular docking in silico analysis. No major adverse effects were shown for all these endpoints.…”