Risk Assessment Considering the Bioavailability of 3-β-d-Glucosides of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol through Food Intake in Korea

Abstract

Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol are major type B trichothecenes and the most frequently occurring mycotoxins worldwide. Their 3-β-d-glucoside forms have recently become a safety management issue. These glucoside conjugates are converted back to the parent toxins during human digestion, but studies to confirm their bioavailability are lacking. In this study, a risk assessment was performed considering the bioavailability of glucoside conjugates. A literature review was conducted to compile the existing bioavailability studies of glucoside conjugates, and three exposure scenarios considering bioavailability were established. As a result of a risk assessment using deterministic and probabilistic methods, both the deoxynivalenol and nivalenol groups had safe levels of tolerable daily intake percentage (TDI%), not exceeding 100%. The TDI% for the nivalenol group was approximately 2–3 times higher than that for the deoxynivalenol group. Notably, infants showed higher TDI% than adults for both toxin groups. By food processing type, the overall TDI% was highest for raw material, followed by simple-processed and then fermented-processed. Since glucoside conjugates can be converted into parent toxins during the digestion process, a risk assessment considering bioavailability allows the more accurate evaluation of the risk level of glucoside conjugates and can direct their safety management in the future.

An Occurrence Study of Mycotoxins in Plant-Based Beverages Using Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

“…The determined TDI, TCC, and CPF factors used for the calculation of the %TDI compared to the proposed PDI values based on dairy milk replacement with the tested plant-based beverages are summarized in Table 9 [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”

“…The determined TDI, TCC, and CPF factors used for the calculation of the %TDI compared to the proposed PDI values based on dairy milk replacement with the tested plant-based beverages are summarized in Table 9 [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. For aflatoxins as group I carcinogens, it is assumed that there is no threshold of exposure, and no TDI can be established.…”