Risk factors associated with postoperative pain after ophthalmic surgery: a prospective study

Abstract

BackgroundRisk factors associated with postoperative pain intensity and duration, as well as consumption of analgesics after ophthalmic surgery are poorly understood.MethodsA prospective study was conducted among adults (N=226) who underwent eye surgery at the University Hospital Split, Croatia. A day before the surgery, the patients filled out questionnaires assessing personality, anxiety, pain catastrophizing, sociodemographics and were given details about the procedure, anesthesia, and analgesia for each postoperative day. All scales were previously used for the Croatian population. The intensity of pain was measured using a numerical rating scale from 0 to 10, where 0 was no pain and 10 was the worst imaginable pain. The intensity of pain was measured before the surgery and then 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, and 24 hours after surgery, and then once a day until discharge from the hospital. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.ResultsA multivariate analysis indicated that independent predictors of average pain intensity after the surgery were: absence of premedication before surgery, surgery in general anesthesia, higher pain intensity before surgery and pain catastrophizing level. Independent predictors of postoperative pain duration were intensity of pain before surgery, type of anesthesia, and self-assessment of health. Independent predictors of pain intensity ≥5 during the first 6 hours after the procedure were the type of procedure, self-assessment of health, premedication, and the level of pain catastrophizing.ConclusionAwareness about independent predictors associated with average postoperative pain intensity, postoperative pain duration, and occurrence of intensive pain after surgery may help health workers to improve postoperative pain management in ophthalmic surgery.

Pain Following the Use of Anesthesia Formulation Among Individuals Undergoing Cataract Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…We suspected that age might have affected the pain during surgery. It has been shown that aging may impact pain perception and expression (Omar et al, 2012;Tighe et al, 2015;Lesin et al, 2016). Unpleasant and severe ocular irritation symptoms may not be reported as pain related to the surgery by elderly patients, as observed in the present study.…”

“…Some authors tried to determine factors affecting patients' pain intensity during "in office" intravitreal injection procedure but did not observe correlation between ophthalmological diagnosis and pain intensity (Rifkin and Schaal, 2012). Similar outcomes were found for other ophthalmic surgical procedures (Lesin et al, 2016). The association of postoperative complications with pain intensity has not been examined yet.…”

Correlation between Preoperative Anxiety and Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecytectomy

“…Regarding level of education the current study found insignificant correlation with postoperative pain and this finding is consistent with the qualitative systemic review study conducted to determine the predictors of postoperative pain and analgesics consumption (Vivian et al, 2009). Another study conducted in Croatia by (Lesin et al, 2016) stated insignificant correlation between level of education and postoperative anxiety. The present study showed significant correlation between level of education and preoperative anxiety.…”

“…The same authors added that postoperative pain level was higher in younger patients than older and this is incongruent with our finding. Another study conducted in Croatia by (Lesin et al, 2016) reported that age and preoperative anxiety are significantly associated with postoperative pain. Recent study conducted in Canada by (Yang et al,2019) to identify preoperative predictors of poor postoperative pain control in adults undergoing inpatient surgery highlighted that younger age is significantly associated with postoperative pain which is inconsistent with the current study finding.…”

Acupoint Selection in Postoperative Ophthalmic Pain Management: A Data Mining Protocol

“… 1 , 2 Studies indicate that 75% surgical patients experience postoperative pain, with approximately 30% enduring moderate to severe discomfort. 3 Pain can give rise to a range of complications, adversely impacting respiratory, circulatory, endocrine, and other somatic functions, as well as psychological well-being. It is widely acknowledged as the fifth most critical vital sign in human healthcare.…”