Risk factors associated with time to first clinical case of Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) in farmed Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) in New Brunswick, Canada

Boerlage, A.S.; Elghafghuf, Adel; Stryhn, Henrik; Sánchez, Javier; Hammell, K. Larry

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.11.014

Cited by 6 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Horizontal transmission via water is considered to be limited since R. salmoninarum is not able to survive outside the host for longer than a week [ 2 , 4 , 24 ]. Nonetheless, transmission has also been reported between cages in farm and farm to farm as well as from wild or escaped fish that play a role as a reservoir [ 2 ], a recent survey conducted in Austria showed that the bacterium was present in low numbers even in externally healthy wild fish populations [ 47 ].…”

Section: Routes Of Infection and Risk Factors Of R Salmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Renibacterium salmoninarum is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), an important disease, particularly in salmonid fish worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. The causative agent can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Wild and cultured salmonids can be affected by R. salmoninarum at all stages of life and it has a serious impact on the salmonid industry [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several risk factors can influence bacterial proliferation and the development of the disease, including ecological features, geographical region, ecosystem, food condition, size and age of fish [ 13 ]. For example, the occurrence of the disease is significantly higher in the summer season [ 4 ]. Moreover, the time of the year in which fish were transferred out of the hatchery also influence their likelihood of developing a R. salmoninarum infection with fish stocked in the spring and summer being significantly more likely to develop BKD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the time of the year in which fish were transferred out of the hatchery also influence their likelihood of developing a R. salmoninarum infection with fish stocked in the spring and summer being significantly more likely to develop BKD. This could be possibly explained as the fish being younger [ 4 ] and more susceptible at the peak period in which the bacterium was more active.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prevention can be performed through good husbandry practice [ 14 , 15 ]. The severity of infections can range from subclinical to acute [ 4 ] and R. salmoninarum has been associated with subclinical infectious in salmonid populations but the bacterium can be detected in the kidney and surface mucus at this stage [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Renibacterium salmoninarum—The Causative Agent of Bacterial Kidney Disease in Salmonid Fish

2020

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Renibacterium salmoninarum is one of the oldest known bacterial pathogens of fish. This Gram-positive bacterium is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, a chronic infection that is mostly known to infect salmonid fish at low temperatures. Externally, infected fish can display exophthalmia as well as blebs on the skin and ulcerations alongside haemorrhages at the base of the fins and alongside the lateral line. Internally, the kidney, heart, spleen and liver can show signs of swelling. Granulomas can be seen on various internal organs, as can haemorrhages, and the organs can be covered with a false membrane. Ascites can also accumulate in the abdominal cavity. The bacterium is generally cultivated on specialized media such as kidney disease medium-1 (KDM-1), KDM-2 and selective kidney disease medium (SKDM), and a diagnostic is performed using molecular tools such as PCRs or real-time quantitative PCRs (RT-qPCRs). Several virulence mechanisms have been identified in R. salmoninarum, in particular the protein p57 that is known to play a role in both agglutination and immunosuppression of the host’s defense mechanisms. Control of the disease is difficult; the presence of asymptomatic carriers complicates the eradication of the disease, as does the ability of the bacterium to gain entrance inside the eggs. Bacterin-killed vaccines have proven to be of doubtful efficacy in controlling the disease, and even more recent application of a virulent environmental relative of R. salmoninarum is of limited efficacy. Treatment by antibiotics such as erythromycin, azithromycin and enrofloxacin can be effective but it is slow and requires prolonged treatment. Moreover, antibiotic-resistant strains have been reported. Despite being known for a long time, there is still much to be discovered about R. salmoninarum, notably regarding its virulence mechanisms and its vaccine potential. Consequently, these gaps in knowledge continue to hinder control of this bacterial disease in aquaculture settings.

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