Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in Son La province, northern Vietnam

Abstract

Between July and December 2002, we undertook a hospital-based case-control study to identify risk factors associated with typhoid fever in Son La province, northern Vietnam. Among 617 suspected cases, 90 cases of typhoid fever were confirmed by blood or stool culture. One hundred and eighty controls (neighbours of typhoid cases matched for gender and age) were chosen. Participants were interviewed at home using a standardized questionnaire. Seventy-five per cent of cases were aged 10-44 years. No cases in patients aged less than 5 years were recorded in this study. In a conditional logistic regression analysis recent contact with a typhoid patient (OR = 3.3, 95% CI 1.7-6.2, P < 0.001), no education (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-3.7, P = 0.03) and drinking untreated water (OR = 3.9, 95% CI 2.0-7.5, P < 0.001) were independently associated with typhoid fever. Improving quality of drinking water must be a priority and health education strategies targeted at individuals with no schooling, and contacts of patients, would be expected to decrease the burden of typhoid fever.

Multidrug-ResistantSalmonella entericaSerovar Paratyphi A Harbors IncHI1 Plasmids Similar to Those Found in Serovar Typhi

“…While endemic enteric fever has been eliminated from most developed nations by improved sanitation (6), enteric fever is still a significant health threat in Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Africa, and, to a lesser extent, South America (16,34,38,40). Historically, enteric fever has been a target of control programs and vaccines, but antibiotic treatment remains a central pillar of control (13).…”

Maternal-child health

“…Headache was reported in 91.1% of the cases (82/90), rose spots in 15.5% (14/90) and 70% (63/90) had transient diarrhoea (median of three times per day [range 0-4]) (Tran et al, 2005). Coated tongue, alteration of bowel habits varying from constipation in adults to diarrhoea in children, tender abdomen, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly are often present (Bhanet al, 2005).…”

Spatio-temporal trends of typhoid fever among youths attending Muhammad Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria

“…It is caused by Salmonella typhi, (Cheng et al, 2013) a Gramnegative bacterium (Manangazira et al, 2011). It is a severe systemic illness characterized by fever and abdominal pain (Parikh, 2012), found only in man (Kalra et al, 2003;Ifeanyi, 2014), and has the ability to survive for several months in soil and water (Tran et al, 2005).…”