Risk Factors for Encephalitis from West Nile Virus: A Matched Case‐Control Study Using Hospitalized Controls

Murray, Kristy O.; Koers, Erin M.; Baraniuk, Sarah; Herrington, Emily; Carter, H.; Sierra, Mónica S.; Kilborn, C.; Arafat, Raouf R.

doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01197.x

Cited by 33 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…AFP/WNE v. WNF [58]D. WNE [44] AFP/WNM v. WNF [58] WNE [35] WNE v. WNM/WNF [35] WNE/WNM [37] WNE v. WNF [44] All [23] WNE v. WNF [40] All [79] WNE v. Non-WNV* [60] WNM v. WNF [40] WNND v. WNF [59] WNND v. WNF [32] WNF v. Asymptomatic [82] WNF v. Asymptomatic [81] All v. Non-WNV [49]E. AFP/WNE v. WNF [58]F.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AFP/WNE v. WNF [58]F. WNE [44] WNE v. WNF [44] WNE [35] WNE v. WNM/WNF [35] All [79] WNE v. WNF [40] WNE v. Non-WNV* [60] WNM v. WNF [40] All v. Non-WNV [49]G. WNE v. WNF [44]H.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…WNE v. WNF [44]H. AFP/WNE [58] WNE v. WNM/WNF [35] WNE [44] WNE v. Non-WNV* [60] WNE [35] WNE/WNM [37] All [23] All [50] All [79] …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There was inconsistency in whether these were statistically associated with WNND. Twelve studies examined diabetes, of which four found statistical significance [44, 58–60]. Bode reported the highest association, where the odds of developing WNE were four times greater in individuals with diabetes mellitus than individuals without, after controlling for age and alcohol abuse [44].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bode reported the highest association, where the odds of developing WNE were four times greater in individuals with diabetes mellitus than individuals without, after controlling for age and alcohol abuse [44]. Hypertension was significant in five of ten studies [35, 49, 58–60], of which three studies came from the same Houston cohort. In the cohort, the odds of developing WNE were over three times greater in hypertensive patients than non-hypertensive patients after controlling for other comorbidities [35, 60] and the hazards were 2.4-times greater [49].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiologic and clinical parameters of West Nile virus infections in humans: a scoping review

et al. 2017

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BackgroundClinical syndromes associated with West Nile virus (WNV) infection range from fever to neuroinvasive disease. Understanding WNV epidemiology and disease history is important for guiding patient care and healthcare decision-making. The objective of this review was to characterize the existing body of peer-reviewed and surveillance literature on WNV syndromes and summarize epidemiologic and clinical parameters.MethodsWe followed scoping review methodology described by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Terms related to WNV epidemiology, hospitalization, and surveillance were searched in four bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and CINAHL) for literature published from January 1999 to December 2015.ResultsIn total, 2334 non-duplicated titles and abstracts were screened; 92 primary studies were included in the review. Publications included one randomized controlled trial and 91 observational studies. Sample sizes ranged from under 25 patients (n = 19) to over 400 patients (n = 28). Eight studies were from Canada, seven from Israel, and the remaining (n = 77) from the United States. N = 17 studies were classified as outbreak case investigations following epidemics; n = 37 with results of regional/national surveillance and monitoring programs.Mean patient ages were > 40 years old; three studies (3%) focused on the pediatric population. Patients with encephalitis fared worse than patients with meningitis and fever, considering hospitalization, length of stay, discharge, recovery, and case-fatality. Several studies examined risk factors; however, age was the only risk factor for neuroinvasive disease/death consistently identified. Overall, patients with acute flaccid paralysis or encephalitis fared worse than patients with meningitis and West Nile fever in terms of hospitalization and mortality. Among the included studies, proportion hospitalized, length of stay, proportion discharged home and case-fatality ranged considerably.ConclusionOur review highlights the heterogeneity among reporting clinical WNV syndromes and epidemiologic parameters of WNV-related illness. Presently, there is potential for further synthesis of the risk factors of WNV-illness and mortality; undertaking further analysis through a systematic review and meta-analysis may benefit our understanding of risk factors for emerging mosquito-borne diseases. Future research on the burden of WNV can build on existing evidence summarized in this review, not only to support our understanding of endemic WNV, but also to strengthen research on emerging arboviruses with similar clinical manifestations.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2637-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AFP/WNE v. WNF [58]F. WNE [44] WNE v. WNF [44] WNE [35] WNE v. WNM/WNF [35] All [79] WNE v. WNF [40] WNE v. Non-WNV* [60] WNM v. WNF [40] All v. Non-WNV [49]G. WNE v. WNF [44]H.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%