Risk factors for mortality during the first occurrence of Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome due to Ostreid herpesvirus – 1 in Tasmania, 2016

Kantzow, Maximilian C. de; Hick, Paul; Dhand, Navneet K.; Whittington, Richard J.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.10.025

Cited by 34 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…; De Kantzow et al . ). While there is considerable evidence to show that adult oysters are less sensitive to herpes virus infections compared to younger developmental stages, the reasons for these differences are poorly understood and may be associated with the maturation of the immune system over the life span of an organism.…”

Section: Host–pathogen Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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The complex interactions of Ostreid herpesvirus 1, Vibrio bacteria, environment and host factors in mass mortality outbreaks of Crassostrea gigas

Nguyen

Mérien

2018

Reviews in Aquaculture

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From the first detection in the Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in 1972, herpes-like viruses/herpesviruses have been identified in at least 20 bivalve species and have caused massive mortalities in six cultured species of bivalves. Among them, the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is most threatened by massive mortalities associated with detection of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and its variants. These mortality events have been reported in more than 12 countries, and OsHV-1 itself has been reported in 15 countries worldwide. Traditionally, the genotype OsHV-1 (or OsHV-1 Var) is the main contributor to bivalve mortalities, but the emergence of variants (e.g. OsHV-1 lVar and related ones, acute viral necrosis virus-AVNV, OsHV-1-SB) is now responsible for new mortality outbreaks in Pacific oysters and other bivalve species. In addition to OsHV-1, Vibrio bacteria and other abiotic and host factors also significantly contribute to mortality outbreaks. To this end, the current contribution aims to synthesize the body of literature on our current knowledge of these mass mortality events to provide insights into the role of each risk factor and complex interactions in the disease process. Specifically, this review encompasses our current knowledge and critical gaps. Important suggestions for future investigation are also presented. Figure 1 Classification of main Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) producing countries in 2016 in tonnes (data taken from FAO FishStatJ, version 3.01.0). The map was generated using http://mapchart.net. Asterisks (*) indicate countries with mass mortality events. ( ) >300 000 tonnes; ( ) >100 000 tonnes; ( ) >10 000 tonnes; ( ) >1000 tonnes; ( ) <1000 tonnes.

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Section: Host–pathogen Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Recent observations in oyster farms in Australia showed that ploidy state was not specifically associated with oyster mass mortality events (De Kantzow et al . ). For Vibrio bacteria, a study of Azéma et al .…”

Section: Host–pathogen Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

The complex interactions of Ostreid herpesvirus 1, Vibrio bacteria, environment and host factors in mass mortality outbreaks of Crassostrea gigas

Nguyen

Mérien

2018

Reviews in Aquaculture

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“…Mortality rates of C. gigas have been shown to vary between different production sites, and they depend on the age of oysters affected (Renault ; De Kantzow et al . ). The C. gigas age groups most susceptible to OsHV‐1 infection and subsequent mortality are larvae and spat, whereas adults are less susceptible, although Petton et al .…”

Section: Animal Host Factorsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…; De Kantzow et al . ). Therefore, according to the genetic material used, different studies have shown different results and the effect of ploidy is not clear, although Dégremont et al .…”

Section: Animal Host Factorsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…De Kantzow et al . () showed that, even after allowing for time on farm, density and handling, baskets containing oysters with a greater average length had a lower mortality than baskets containing smaller oysters. In addition, handling oysters in the week before an outbreak led to higher mortality, indicating that handling should be avoided during designated high risk periods.…”

Section: Husbandry Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A literature review as an aid to identify strategies for mitigating ostreid herpesvirus 1 in Crassostrea gigas hatchery and nursery systems

Rodgers

Arzul

Carrasco

et al. 2018

Reviews in Aquaculture

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An understanding of husbandry strategies and any associated risk factors is important for designing management control measures that can reduce mortality in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, caused by ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1). The type of culture facility can be considered in relation to the potential pathways that could lead to the entry of a pathogen and its survival. In addition, the animal host (e.g. age, physiological state, selective breeding programmes), husbandry procedures (e.g. stocking density), the pathogen itself (e.g. pathogenicity, virulence) and environmental effects (e.g. temperature) represent other relevant interconnected factors. However, all these factors provide valuable background information for outlining the mitigation strategies needed by the industry, as well as in the context of surveillance and biosecurity programmes. These control mechanisms for hatchery or nursery areas are related to movement restrictions, water treatment, virus inactivation, the production calendar and practical farm management decisions. This comprehensive literature review compiles information related to such approaches and also includes the different existing guidelines suggested for control of OsHV-1. Therefore, the review represents a solid foundation for a more critical appraisal currently being developed to support recommendations for disease management strategies.

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Simulated Marine Heat Wave Alters Abundance and Structure of Vibrio Populations Associated with the Pacific Oyster Resulting in a Mass Mortality Event

et al. 2018

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Marine heat waves are predicted to become more frequent and intense due to anthropogenically induced climate change, which will impact global production of seafood. Links between rising seawater temperature and disease have been documented for many aquaculture species, including the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The oyster harbours a diverse microbial community that may act as a source of opportunistic pathogens during temperature stress. We rapidly raised the seawater temperature from 20 °C to 25 °C resulting in an oyster mortality rate of 77.4%. Under the same temperature conditions and with the addition of antibiotics, the mortality rate was only 4.3%, strongly indicating a role for bacteria in temperature-induced mortality. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed a change in the oyster microbiome when the temperature was increased to 25 °C, with a notable increase in the proportion of Vibrio sequences. This pattern was confirmed by qPCR, which revealed heat stress increased the abundance of Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio fortis by 324-fold and 10-fold, respectively. Our findings indicate that heat stress-induced mortality of C. gigas coincides with an increase in the abundance of putative bacterial pathogens in the oyster microbiome and highlights the negative consequences of marine heat waves on food production from aquaculture.

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Risk factors for mortality during the first occurrence of Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome due to Ostreid herpesvirus – 1 in Tasmania, 2016

Cited by 34 publications

References 25 publications

The complex interactions of Ostreid herpesvirus 1, Vibrio bacteria, environment and host factors in mass mortality outbreaks of Crassostrea gigas

The complex interactions of Ostreid herpesvirus 1, Vibrio bacteria, environment and host factors in mass mortality outbreaks of Crassostrea gigas

A literature review as an aid to identify strategies for mitigating ostreid herpesvirus 1 in Crassostrea gigas hatchery and nursery systems

Simulated Marine Heat Wave Alters Abundance and Structure of Vibrio Populations Associated with the Pacific Oyster Resulting in a Mass Mortality Event

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