Risk Factors for Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 45 Studies

Abstract

Significance This study summarized primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG)-related factors across different dimensions. Objectives This review aimed at systematically summarizing the associated factors of PACG in published literatures. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted by searching the electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from their inception until November 2021. The pooled risk estimates of continuous and categorical variables were calculated using weighted mean difference (WMD) and odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence intervals [CI]), respectively. Results We included 45 studies in this review. In the meta-analysis, intraocular pressure (WMD: 3.13, 95%CI: 2.37 to 3.89), anterior chamber depth (WMD: -0.52, 95%CI: -0.70 to -0.34), axial length (WMD: -0.77, 95%CI: -1.26 to -0.28), retinal nerve fiber layer (WMD: -21.23, 95%CI: -30.21 to -12.25), and spherical equivalent (WMD: 1.02, 95%CI: 0.66 to 1.38) were the most common ophthalmic anatomic factors and lower body weight (WMD: -3.65, 95%CI: -6.48 to -0.82) was the most significant general morphological indicators. The presence of cataract (OR: 3.77, 95%CI: 3.46 to 4.11) and hyperlipidemia (OR: 1.10, 95%CI: 1.02 to 1.20) were significantly associated with PACG. Increased levels of triglyceride (WMD: 0.17, 95%CI: 0.06 to 0.27) was associated with PACG. Additionally, an association between short-term antidepressant exposure (OR: 1.36, 95%CI: 1.08 to 1.70) and acute angle-closure glaucoma was observed. Conclusions and implications of key findings This review identified a few consistent factors related to PACG, providing important information for primary care physicians, general ophthalmologists, and public health professionals to counsel their patients on PACG risks.

Evaluation of Reporting Quality of Glaucoma Randomized Controlled Trial Abstracts: Current Status and Future Perspectives

“…Other important risk factors for glaucoma development described in the scientific literature include older age, not being in the White race group, and a history of glaucoma in one's family [9]. It has also been observed that systemic disease, such as Cushing's disease, and medication use may too predispose individuals to glaucoma.…”