Risk of Development Cardiovascular Сomplications in Patients With Arterial Hypertension and Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

The combination of arterial hypertension and metabolic syndrome leads to an increased risk of development cardiovascular complications. Early detection of asymptomatic target organ damage to determine additional risk is important, because pressure-dependent subclinical damage to several organs reflects progression along the cardiovascular disease continuum. The SCORE scale is based on data from a number of recent European multicenter studies and takes into account all variants of fatal cardiovascular events over a 10-year period. However, the SCORE scale does not take into account the presence of such subclinical risk factors for the development of cardiovascular complications as insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, microalbuminuria
 The aim was to assess the ten-years risk of development of cardiovascular complications in hypertensive's with metabolic syndrome, depending on the type of insulinemia, endothelial dysfunction, and the presence of microalbuminuria.
 Materials and methods. Were examined 96 patients (34 men, 62 women) with arterial hypertension and metabolic syndrome, average age (57±9) years. Office blood pressure measurement, the level of total cholesterol in the blood and microalbuminuria in daily urine were determined for all patients. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed with parallel determination of the level of endogenous insulin, endothelin-1, and vasculoendothelial growth factor in blood serum by the immunoenzymatic method. Patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 included 29 patients with normal basal and postprandial levels of endogenous insulin; in the 2nd group – 39 patients with reactive hyperinsulinemia, in the 3rd group – 28 patients with spontaneous hyperinsulinemia. To estimate the total cardiovascular risk, the version of the SCORE scale for countries with high cardiovascular mortality was used. Moderate risk criteria are defined – SCORE index level 1-4%, high risk – 5-9% and very high risk – ≥ 10%.
 Research results. A moderate cardiovascular risk prevailed in almost 52% of patients of group 1 with a normal level of endogenous insulin, high – in 35% of patients group 2 with reactive hyperinsulinemia, very high – in 48% of patients group 2 and 43% of patients of group 3 with spontaneous hyperinsulinemia. The highest levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were characteristic of high-risk patients with spontaneous hyperinsulinemia combined with impaired glucose tolerance, with increasing of total cholesterol levels in 1.7 times under obesity, increasing of endothelin levels by 7 times, vasculoendothelial growth factor in 2.7 times and the presence of microalbuminuria in 75% of cases.
 Conclusions. More than half patients with arterial hypertensive and metabolic syndrome have a high and very high cardiovascular risk according to the SCORE scale, which is associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia and obesity, microalbuminuria and disorders of endothelial vasoregulation. The risk of cardiovascular complications based on subclinical signs of target organs damage to increases with the severity of insulin resistance and progression of endothelial dysfunction, which creates prerequisites for the development of atherosclerosis.