Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example

Quintal, Vanessa; Lee, Julie; Soutar, Geoffrey N.

doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.006

Cited by 683 publications

(713 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Review of some tourism literature shows that financial, psychological, satisfaction, and time risks are relevant to pleasure travel (Roehl & Fesenmaier, 1992;Sönmez & Graefe, 1998a) whereas for other scholars, functional, physical, financial, social, and psychological risks are tourism-related (Björk & Kauppinen-Räisänen, 2013;Quintal et al, 2010). All the aforementioned risks are borrowed from the consumer behaviour literature.…”

Section: Findings and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Past studies suggest that tourists are concerned about or experience risk that is related to themselves (Budescu & Wallsten, 1985;Reisinger & Mavondo, 2005) or those they are able to perceive (Quintal et al, 2010). Majority of the studies investigated perceived risk rather than actual risk, thus highlighting its importance.…”

Section: The Perceived Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From a socio-psychological point of view, the biggest challenge faced by risk research in tourism is the definition of risk perception itself (Korstanje, 2009;Quintal et al, 2010). Korstanje (2009) argued that studying risk perception prior to the actual holiday is merely an exploration of anxiety as there is a lack of direct stimuli.…”

Section: The Perceived Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As presented in Table 4, nationality and past experience were found to be the most significant factors shaping tourists' risk perception. A substantial number of past studies adopted Hofstede's (2001) five cultural dimensions to examine the causal linkages between risk attitudes and social norms in different countries (George, 2010;Korstanje, 2009;Kozak et al, 2007;Quintal et al, 2010;Reisinger & Mavondo, 2005;Seabra, Dolnicar, Abrantes, & Kastenholz, 2013). Socio-demographic factor is another popular dimension in examining the underlying factors of tourists' risk perception (Aschauer, 2010;Chang, 2010;Sönmez & Graefe, 1998b;Williams & Baláž, 2013).…”

Section: The Antecedents Of Risk Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been an increasing number of tourism studies on risk and safety since 1970s (Maser & Weiermair, 1998;Milman, Jones, & Bach, 1999;Pizam, 1999;Sirakaya, Sheppard, & McLellan, 1997;Sönmez, Apostolopoulos, & Tarlow, 1999;Sönmez & Graefe, 1998a, 1998bTsaur, Tzeng, & Wang, 1997;Wilks & Atherton, 1994). The term 'risk' was used extensively in tourism research after the 9/11 incident (Dickson & Dolnicar, 2004;Fuchs & Reichel, 2006;Korstanje, 2011;Law, 2006;Lepp & Gibson, 2003;Pizam et al, 2004;Quintal, Lee, & Soutar, 2010;Reisinger & Mavondo, 2005;Simpson & Siguaw, 2008;Williams & Baláž, 2013), followed by a couple of major tragedies including the SARS outbreak, the Bali bombings, and the Asian tsunami, which have shaken the tourism industry across the globe. The severity, frequency, and impact of these unprecedented tragedies have given rise to an increasing number of researches investigating the various aspects of risk in tourism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Tourism at Risk: A Review of Risk and Perceived Risk in Tourism

Yang¹,

Nair²

2015

Asia-Pac J Innov Hosp Tour

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Since the 9/11 attack in 2001, a number of major tragedies, including the SARS outbreak, the Bali bombings, and the Asian tsunami, have swept the tourism industry across the globe. The impact of these crises was unprecedented and thus, it raises the necessity to review the existing risk literature in tourism. This paper reviews the multi-dimensional concept of risk in tourism by analyzing 46 selected articles following the guidelines of content analysis. The findings are categorized into four broad meaning themes: (1) the concept of risk, safety and security; (2) the research trend of risk in tourism; (3) the definitions and antecedents of perceived risk; and (4) risk as a positive element. Based on the analysis, a framework is proposed for future research. The originality of this study lies in its attempt to conceptualize a comprehensive framework of risk perception in tourism as the existing literature tends to be empirically skewed, resulting in theoretical frameworks underused or applied in a fragmented way.

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Section: Findings and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Perceived Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Perceived Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Antecedents Of Risk Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tourism at Risk: A Review of Risk and Perceived Risk in Tourism

Yang¹,

Nair²

2015

Asia-Pac J Innov Hosp Tour

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Addressing the cross‐country applicability of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB): A structured review of multi‐country TPB studies

Hassan

Shiu

Parry

2015

J of Consumer Behaviour

112

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The theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour (TRA/TPB) have received substantial research interest from consumer behaviourists. One important area of interest which has not been adequately researched concerns the impact of national culture on the TRA/TPB components and interrelationships. To date, no systematic assessment of the impact of culture on the TRA/TPB model relationships has been undertaken. In order to understand the potential impact of culture on the TRA/TPB model relationships a structured review of TRA/TPB studies is undertaken.Studies that have quantitatively applied the TRA/TPB across at least two countries within a consumption domain since 2000 are reviewed. The authors propose that two of Hofstede's cultural dimensions, individualism and power distance, may moderate the TRA/TPB relationships. The review highlights that the impact of subjective norm on intention varies most across countries, with the relationship between intention and both attitude and perceived behavioural control operating more similarly across country samples. Further, a systematic assessment of variation in the TRA/TPB model relationships via multilevel modelling shows that only the subjective norm-intention relationship varies across the countries studied. The relationship between subjective norm and intention is found to be influenced by power distance, with a stronger relationship evident in high power distance cultures. This review is the first of its kind and is of significance in addressing the emic versus etic nature of the TRA/TPB. Importantly, the article outlines relevant avenues and recommendations for future cross-national research utilizing the TRA/TPB. Key Wordstheory of planned behaviour, cross-country, review, culture, Hofstede 2 INTRODUCTIONThe theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour (TRA/TPB; Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen, 1985; 1991) have received substantial research interest. The TPB is an expectancy value model which states that behaviour is a consequence of one's behavioural intention (the cognitive representation of a consumer's motivation to enact the behaviour), which is in turn explained by the consumer's attitude (positive or negative evaluation of undertaking the behaviour), subjective norm (perceived peer pressure to enact the behaviour) and perceived behavioural control (perception of the ease or difficulty in performing the behaviour). The TPB is an extension of the TRA (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975) which does not include perceived behavioural control and thus is not designed to explain behaviours that are outside an individual's volitional control. A large number of reviews and meta-analyses have concluded favourably on the ability of the TRA/TPB to explain intention and behaviour across a wide spectrum of contexts (e.g., Albarracin et al., 2001; Armitage and Conner, 2001; Conner and Armitage, 1998; Godin and Kok, 1996; Hagger et al., 2002;Sheeran, 2002;Sheeran and Taylor, 1999;Sheppard et al., 1988;Trafimow et al., 2002;Webb and Sheeran, 2006). There is a ri...

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Intention to visit Malaysia for medical tourism using the antecedents of Theory of Planned Behaviour: A predictive model

Seow

Choong

Moorthy

et al. 2017

Int. J. Tourism Res.

101

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The aim of this study is to examine the extended model of Theory of Planned Behaviour in predicting tourists' intention in seeking medical tourism in Malaysia. The additional variables in this model are perceived risks, perceived benefits and resource availability whereby it is predicted to have influences to the model of Theory of Planned Behaviour. Sample is drawn using a quota sampling technique. A total of 380 completed questionnaires are collected. The partial least square approach is employed so as to conduct a comprehensive and vigorous structural equation modelling analysis. The results show that perceived benefits and perceived costs are significantly related to attitude; resource availability is significantly related to perceived behavioural control; and attitude and subjective norm are significantly related to intention for medical tourism in Malaysia; however, the perceived behavioural control is found to be insignificant to intention. Attitude and subjective norm are also significantly related to intention for medical tourism in Malaysia. However, the perceived behavioural control is found to be not insignificant related to intention. The findings of this study can serve as the blueprint for future research in the similar area with reasonable modification on the model construction in order to enhance and improve the theoretical extension model of Theory of Planned Behaviour.

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Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example

Cited by 683 publications

References 82 publications

Tourism at Risk: A Review of Risk and Perceived Risk in Tourism

Tourism at Risk: A Review of Risk and Perceived Risk in Tourism

Addressing the cross‐country applicability of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB): A structured review of multi‐country TPB studies

Intention to visit Malaysia for medical tourism using the antecedents of Theory of Planned Behaviour: A predictive model

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