Rituximab Maintenance after Chemoimmunotherapy Induction in 1st and 2nd Line Improves Progression Free Survival: Planned Interim Analysis of the International Randomized AGMT-CLL8/a Mabtenance Trial

Abstract

Introduction: Chemoimmunotherapy has become a standard approach in previously untreated and also in pretreated CLL. Addition of Rituximab to FC in fit patients has proven superior to chemotherapy alone and more recently aCD20 treatment was shown to improve outcomes in patients treated with Chlorambucil, suggesting that immunotherapy may be of benefit, independent of the chosen chemotherapy backbone. In follicular and mantle cell lymphoma rituximab maintenance treatment has become a clinical standard. While we and others have presented Phase II data on the feasibility of Rituximab maintenance after chemoimmunotherapy induction, there are currently no available randomized data on the efficacy of such an approach. Study design: Patients were recruited after informed consent at the end of any Rituximab-containing induction treatment in 1st or 2nd line that achieved at least a PR. Excluded were patients with uncontrolled bacterial or viral infections and conditions that might severely affect life-expectancy (such as other malignancy, heart disease etc). The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov with the identifier NCT01118234. Randomization was stratified by country, line of treatment, induction response and type of induction regimen. Primary endpoint was PFS and a planned sample-size of 256 patients was calculated. All patients were recruited in participating centers between September 2009 and December 2013. An interim analysis was planned to be conducted after half of the planned events (i.e. 46) were observed and is presented here. Results: The current analysis includes 263 patients enrolled into the trial. Patients had a median age of 63 years, 28.9% were female and 80.6% were enrolled after 1st induction treatment. Hierarchical FISH cytogenetic risk was available in 221 patients: del17p 3.1%, del11q 27.6%, tris 12 10.8%, del13q 36.2%, and normal FISH karyotype 21.2%. IgVH Mutation state was available in 161 patients at time of interim analysis and 67% were unmutated. The induction regimen was FCR in 73.5% and BR in 20.2%, the response to induction treatment was CR/CRi in 58% and PR in 41.8% of patients and 57% scored negative in an 8-colour MRD flowcytometric analysis after induction. Rituximab treatment was allocated to 134 patients and 129 were in the observation arm. No significant imbalances in randomization were found in the above-mentioned parameters. Median observation time is currently 17.3 months. Regarding toxicities the current state of monitoring allows an analysis on the level of SAEs only. SAE causes were well balanced between arms with the exception of infectious SAEs - 32 in the rituximab and 22 in the observation arm, 3 deaths were attributed to infections (1 in the rituximab arm and 2 in the observation arm) - and secondary malignancies (8 in the rituximab arm vs. 1 in the observation arm). Four of the neoplasms in the rituximab arm were localized non-melanoma skin cancers and the 2 deaths from malignomas occurred one in each arm. Regarding efficacy, currently 27.9% have progressed in the observation arm and 14.9% in the rituximab arm. Ten patients died in the observation arm and 7 in the rituximab arm. The primary endpoint (PFS) is significantly in favour of rituximab maintenance (see Fig) with a p-value of 0.007 and a PFS at 17.3 months of 85.1% vs.75.5% in rituximab vs. observation arms, respectively. To account for toxicities and secondary neoplasms an EFS was calculated counting secondary malignancies, termination of treatment due to toxicities, progression or death as events. In this analysis the benefit was preserved, albeit with a lower p-value of 0.03. The observed benefit seemed independent from response after induction (CR vs. PR), but associated with positive MRD state after induction. Further factors that influenced the benefit in exploratory subgroup analyses were sex, cytogenetics, IgVH and B-symptoms at diagnosis. Conclusions: Rituximab maintenance after chemoimmunotherapy induction in CLL seems feasible, although with an increase in infectious complications, and shows signs of efficacy in this interim analysis. The presented interim analysis refutes the alternative hypothesis and allows the trial to continue. Exploratory analyses suggest that with longer follow-up it may be possible to define subpopulations with larger benefit from extended immunotherapy. Figure: PFS by treatment arm (Observation arm: ; Rituximab arm: __) Figure:. PFS by treatment arm (Observation arm: ; Rituximab arm: __) Disclosures Greil: Roche: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Boehringer-Ingelheim: Honoraria; Astra-Zeneca: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Genentech: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Merck: Honoraria; Mundipharma: Honoraria, Research Funding; Eisai: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Cephalon: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers-Squibb: Consultancy, Honoraria; Sanofi Aventis: Honoraria; GSK: Research Funding; Ratiopharm: Research Funding. Off Label Use: Rituximab in Maintenace Treatment of CLL. Kozak:Roche: Honoraria, Travel grants Other. Girschikofsky:Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Mundipharm: Consultancy, Honoraria. Petzer:Celgene: Honoraria, unrestricted grant Other. Egle:Roche: Honoraria, Research Funding, Travel Grants Other.

Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and multiple-dose rituximab as frontline therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

“…A randomized trial evaluating rituximab maintenance versus observation in patients with CLL after either firstor second-line chemoimmunotherapy also suggested an increase in secondary malignancies in the rituximab maintenance arm compared to the observation arm (6% vs. <1%, respectively), although the rates of t-MDS/AML were not reported. 26 The mechanism by which an increased cumulative dose of rituximab might have caused the apparent increased incidence of t-MDS/AML in the present study is unclear. B-cells have been shown to exert anti-tumor effects through both antibody-mediated cytotoxicity of malignant cells and antigen-presentation to effector T-cells.…”

Ofatumumab retreatment and maintenance in fludarabine‐refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients

“…The recently reported results on PFS with ibrutinib and idelalisib (Byrd et al, 2013Furman et al, 2014) may also indirectly support the concept of long-term continuous treatment of CLL patients to prevent/delay a relapse. Recent interim data suggested that rituximab maintenance prolonged PFS in a randomized phase 3 study (Greil et al, 2014). In addition, results of the interim analysis of a phase 3 randomized study demonstrated that ofatumumab maintenance was well-tolerated and provided significantly prolonged PFS (van Oers et al, 2014).…”

Dishevelled proteins are significantly upregulated in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

“…New novel antibodies against CD20 challenging rituximab are now being explored [140][141][142] . Rituximab maintenance after chemoimmunotherapy induction in CLL showed feasibility [143] .…”