Riverbed Farming Technology: Importance's and Opportunities in Nepal

Simkhada, Kapil

doi:10.2139/ssrn.4047106

Cited by 1 publication

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Married women and girls commonly faced restrictions to their social interactions and independence. Studies from Northern India, Nepal Terai, Pakistan, and Bangladesh reported that girls were often prohibited from leaving the house unaccompanied [54,74,76,81,85,91,96]. This was not reported by girls in Southern India, although they still faced restrictions on their social interactions and behaviours [82,93].…”

Section: Themesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The most common theme we identified in this review related to the ways in which social hierarchies, which persist within households across South Asia, limit the ability of women and PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH girls to make decisions during pregnancy. Young pregnant women and girls felt unable to make decisions in several domains during pregnancy, including what they ate, what work they undertook, who they interacted with, when to seek care, and which care they received [45,46,49,56,73,75,81,83,96]. Instead, decisions were made collectively by the household, with their mother-in-law generally having the final say in reproductive matters [44,47,49,56,57,73,85,107].…”

Section: Themesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…. I can't say anything, they are senior to me" Nepal, 2006 [96] Care-seeking preferences of household-heads were often prioritised, even when these conflicted with healthcare provider advice [44,49,56,85]. In extreme cases, women were not listened to in critical situations, resulting in complications which may have been preventable [44,47,80,84], as was the case with this 17-year-old mother: "I knew that my condition was very serious, and everyone kept on telling me to try having the baby at home.…”

Section: Themesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…I was trying, and I knew I couldn't try anymore, but the others didn't understand how serious it was." Rural Bangladesh, 2009 [84] We identified two ways in which household hierarchies affected care-seeking among younger women and girls and those married early: i) younger women and girls felt less able to share their concerns and participate in care-seeking decision-making due to their lack of agency or shyness [52,59,62,75,80,85,93,96,113], and ii) household members were less likely to listen to their care-seeking requests due to a disbelief or distrust in younger daughters-in-law [44,47,49,54,56,57,73,84].…”

Section: Themesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…"So, whenever we have a big argument I visit my maternal home" Urban Nepal, 2013 [63] Impact on care-seeking. In studies from Northern India, Nepal Terai, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, women were often not permitted to leave home unaccompanied, and therefore relied on their relatives to attend healthcare appointments with them [54,74,76,81,85,91,96]. If their relatives were unsupportive of care-seeking, this negatively impacted their ability to seek care [61,93,96,120], as with this pregnant adolescent: "ANC check-up is not easy for me.…”

Section: Themesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Can’t live willingly”: A thematic synthesis of qualitative evidence exploring how early marriage and early pregnancy affect experiences of pregnancy in South Asia

Miller,

Dulal,

Rai

et al. 2023

PLOS Glob Public Health

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In South Asia, early marriage has been associated with a range of adverse outcomes during pregnancy and infancy. This may partly be explained by early marriage leading to a younger maternal age, however it remains unclear which other factors are involved. This review aimed to synthesise the qualitative evidence on experiences of pregnancy following early marriage or early pregnancy in South Asia, to inform our understanding of the mechanisms between early marriage and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Global Index Medicus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and grey literature on 29/11/2022 to identify papers on experiences of pregnancy among those who married or became pregnant early in South Asia (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022304336, funded by an MRC doctoral training grant). Seventy-nine papers from six countries were included after screening. We appraised study quality using an adapted version of the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool for qualitative research. Reporting of reflexivity and theoretical underpinnings was poor. We synthesised findings thematically, presenting themes alongside illustrative quotes. We categorised poor pregnancy experiences into: care-seeking challenges, mental health difficulties, and poor nutritional status. We identified eight inter-connected themes: restrictive social hierarchies within households, earning social position, disrupted education, social isolation, increased likelihood of and vulnerability to abuse, shaming of pregnant women, normalisation of risk among younger women, and burdensome workloads. Socioeconomic position and caste/ethnic group also intersected with early marriage to shape experiences during pregnancy. While we found differences between regions, the heterogeneity of the included studies limits our ability to draw conclusions across regions. Pregnancy experiences are largely determined by social hierarchies and the quality of relationships within and outside of the household. These factors limit the potential for individual factors, such as education and empowerment, to improve experiences of pregnancy for girls married early.

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