RNA polymerase II plays an active role in the formation of gene loops through the Rpb4 subunit

Allepuz-Fuster, Paula; O’Brien, Michael J.; González-Polo, Noelia; Pereira, Bianca; Dhoondia, Zuzer; Ansari, Athar; Calvo, Olga

doi:10.1093/nar/gkz597

Cited by 38 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(139 reference statements)

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“…A 70-kb DNA cluster is associated with aflatoxin biosynthesis, and regulatory and structural genes play important roles in this cluster [ 48 ]. As a conserved CTD phosphatase in fungi, Ssu72 has been proven to be involved in multiple cellular processes, including mRNA processing, transcription initiation and termination [ 29 , 32 ]. So we speculated that phosphatase Ssu72 may affect the transcription process of some key aflatoxin biosynthesis related genes, and then regulate the production of aflatoxin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ssu72 Regulates Fungal Development, Aflatoxin Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity in Aspergillus flavus

Guang

Cao

Qin

et al. 2020

Toxins

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The RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription process is coordinated by the reversible phosphorylation of its largest subunit-carboxy terminal domain (CTD). Ssu72 is identified as a CTD phosphatase with specificity for phosphorylation of Ser5 and Ser7 and plays critical roles in regulation of transcription cycle in eukaryotes. However, the biofunction of Ssu72 is still unknown in Aspergillus flavus, which is a plant pathogenic fungus and produces one of the most toxic mycotoxins-aflatoxin. Here, we identified a putative phosphatase Ssu72 and investigated the function of Ssu72 in A. flavus. Deletion of ssu72 resulted in severe defects in vegetative growth, conidiation and sclerotia formation. Additionally, we found that phosphatase Ssu72 positively regulates aflatoxin production through regulating expression of aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster genes. Notably, seeds infection assays indicated that phosphatase Ssu72 is crucial for pathogenicity of A. flavus. Furthermore, the Δssu72 mutant exhibited more sensitivity to osmotic and oxidative stresses. Taken together, our study suggests that the putative phosphatase Ssu72 is involved in fungal development, aflatoxin production and pathogenicity in A. flavus, and may provide a novel strategy to prevent the contamination of this pathogenic fungus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ssu72 Regulates Fungal Development, Aflatoxin Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity in Aspergillus flavus

Guang

Cao

Qin

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…RNAPII is another example of protein-mediated DNA looping, specifically between promoters and enhancers (55). Unlike CTCF-loops extruded by ATP-dependent means, RNAPII facilitates interactions by affinity and, therefore, does not irreversible characteristic of CTCF-loops.…”

Section: Small Variable Domains Of Chromatin Structure Facilitate Hetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Regulation in Time and Space: The Role of Local- and Long-Range Genomic Interactions in Regulating Immune Responses

2021

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Mammals face and overcome an onslaught of endogenous and exogenous challenges in order to survive. Typical immune cells and barrier cells, such as epithelia, must respond rapidly and effectively to encountered pathogens and aberrant cells to prevent invasion and eliminate pathogenic species before they become overgrown and cause harm. On the other hand, inappropriate initiation and failed termination of immune cell effector function in the absence of pathogens or aberrant tissue gives rise to a number of chronic, auto-immune, and neoplastic diseases. Therefore, the fine control of immune effector functions to provide for a rapid, robust response to challenge is essential. Importantly, immune cells are heterogeneous due to various factors relating to cytokine exposure and cell-cell interaction. For instance, tissue-resident macrophages and T cells are phenotypically, transcriptionally, and functionally distinct from their circulating counterparts. Indeed, even the same cell types in the same environment show distinct transcription patterns at the single cell level due to cellular noise, despite being robust in concert. Additionally, immune cells must remain quiescent in a naive state to avoid autoimmunity or chronic inflammatory states but must respond robustly upon activation regardless of their microenvironment or cellular noise. In recent years, accruing evidence from next-generation sequencing, chromatin capture techniques, and high-resolution imaging has shown that local- and long-range genome architecture plays an important role in coordinating rapid and robust transcriptional responses. Here, we discuss the local- and long-range genome architecture of immune cells and the resultant changes upon pathogen or antigen exposure. Furthermore, we argue that genome structures contribute functionally to rapid and robust responses under noisy and distinct cellular environments and propose a model to explain this phenomenon.

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“…Ssu72 influences PIC formation and stability by cooperating with RNAPII subunits and other kinases/phosphatases to regulate transcriptional transition. Additionally, Ssu72 can regulate the 3′-end processing of nascent mRNA and gene looping [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Mechanism By Which Ssu72 Phosphatase Regulates Gene Exprementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The released RNAPII can revert to its basic hypophosphorylated state and participate in a new transcription process [ 47 ]. However, in many dynamically transcribing genes, promoter and terminator elements are juxtaposed to form an active structure called a ‘gene loop’ [ 16 ]. In the gene loop, RNAPII is transferred from the terminator to the promoter through a hand-off mechanism.…”

Section: Mechanism By Which Ssu72 Phosphatase Regulates Gene Exprementioning

confidence: 99%

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Ssu72 Dual-Specific Protein Phosphatase: From Gene to Diseases

Hwang

Kim

Lee

2021

IJMS

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More than 70% of eukaryotic proteins are regulated by phosphorylation. However, the mechanism of dephosphorylation that counteracts phosphorylation is less studied. Phosphatases are classified into 104 distinct groups based on substrate-specific features and the sequence homologies in their catalytic domains. Among them, dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) that dephosphorylate both phosphoserine/threonine and phosphotyrosine are important for cellular homeostasis. Ssu72 is a newly studied phosphatase with dual specificity that can dephosphorylate both phosphoserine/threonine and phosphotyrosine. It is important for cell-growth signaling, metabolism, and immune activation. Ssu72 was initially identified as a phosphatase for the Ser5 and Ser7 residues of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. It prefers the cis configuration of the serine–proline motif within its substrate and regulates Pin1, different from other phosphatases. It has recently been reported that Ssu72 can regulate sister chromatid cohesion and the separation of duplicated chromosomes during the cell cycle. Furthermore, Ssu72 appears to be involved in the regulation of T cell receptor signaling, telomere regulation, and even hepatocyte homeostasis in response to a variety of stress and damage signals. In this review, we aim to summarize various functions of the Ssu72 phosphatase, their implications in diseases, and potential therapeutic indications.

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RNA polymerase II plays an active role in the formation of gene loops through the Rpb4 subunit

Cited by 38 publications

References 61 publications

Ssu72 Regulates Fungal Development, Aflatoxin Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity in Aspergillus flavus

Ssu72 Regulates Fungal Development, Aflatoxin Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity in Aspergillus flavus

Immune Regulation in Time and Space: The Role of Local- and Long-Range Genomic Interactions in Regulating Immune Responses

Ssu72 Dual-Specific Protein Phosphatase: From Gene to Diseases

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