RNA-seq analysis of palatal transcriptome changes in all-trans retinoic acid-induced cleft palate of mice

Novel investigations in retinoic-acid-induced cleft palate about the gut microbiome of pregnant mice

“…in the gut ( Abdelhamid and Luo, 2018 ). Consistently, in our research, we firstly set up the RA-induced CP model in fetal mice whose palate shelves failed to elevate into a horizontal position completely, which was accordant with previous reports ( Campbell et al., 2004 ; Dong et al., 2017 ; Gao et al., 2017 ; Wang et al., 2017 ; Peng et al., 2020 ), then we found that the expression of Lactobacillus was significantly increased in the RA group, including Lactobacillus intestinalis , and Lactobacillus sp. ASF360 , Lactobacillus paragasseri , and Lactobacillus amylovorus .…”

“…E10.5 pregnant mice were used to construct the fetal cleft palate model by intragastric administration of RA (100 mg/kg) ( Dong et al., 2017 ; Gao et al., 2017 ; Peng et al., 2020 ). At E16.5, when the normal palate was primarily formed, the palate of fetal mice in the control group was normally fused, and the incidence of cleft palate in the RA group was approximately 97% (38/39).…”

“…The sample size calculation followed ARRIVE guidelines. As 100 mg/kg RA on pregnant mice by oral gavage was reported to have almost 100% mouse embryo CP without maternal deaths which was considered as a common dose in inducing embryo CP ( Campbell et al., 2004 ; Dong et al., 2017 ; Gao et al., 2017 ; Peng et al., 2020 ), female mice at E10.5 were administered RA (100 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) dissolved in corn oil by oral gavage. Control mice were given an equal amount of corn oil.…”

“…It is universally acknowledged that CP has a connection with genetic background and environmental factors. As similarities in palatogenesis between humans and mice have been noted, the mouse model considerably contributes to the study of the etiology of cleft palate in humans ( Peng et al., 2020 ).…”

Osteogenic and angiogenic profiles of the palatal process of the maxilla and the palatal process of the palatine bone

“…Furthermore, annotation of DEGs in the ppp through the NCBI Gene Database showed that Spp1, Dmp1, Ibsp, Kazald1, Ifitm5, Mgp, Bmper, Fad9, Fam20c, Sparc, Mmp9, Fgfr3, Gpm6b, Ctsk, and Rspo3 have a role in osteogenesis and that Ctrc1 acts on angiogenesis. Retinoic acid regulates the expression of Spp1 in the palate (Peng et al, 2020), and Aldh1a2, which is highly expressed in the ppp, can promote the synthesis of retinoic acid (Shabtai et al, 2016), suggesting the possible role of Aldh1a2 in osteogenesis in the ppp. Regarding ppmx DEGs, Cy26b1, Wnt4, Lrp5, Mmp13, and Alx4 are critical for osteogenesis, and Cmal, F2rl1, Ednral, and F3 are required for angiogenesis.…”