RNA-Seq and iTRAQ Reveal the Dwarfing Mechanism of Dwarf Polish Wheat (Triticum polonicum L.)

Abstract

The dwarfing mechanism of Rht-dp in dwarf Polish wheat (DPW) is unknown. Each internode of DPW was significantly shorter than it in high Polish wheat (HPW), and the dwarfism was insensitive to photoperiod, abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), cytokinin (CK), auxin and brassinolide (BR). To understand the mechanism, three sets of transcripts, DPW, HPW, and a chimeric set (a combination of DPW and HPW), were constructed using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Based on the chimeric transcripts, 2,446 proteins were identified using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). A total of 108 unigenes and 12 proteins were considered as dwarfism-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), respectively. Among of these DEGs and DEPs, 6 DEGs and 6 DEPs were found to be involved in flavonoid and S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) metabolisms; 5 DEGs and 3 DEPs were involved in cellulose metabolism, cell wall plasticity and cell expansion; 2 DEGs were auxin transporters; 2 DEPs were histones; 1 DEP was a peroxidase. These DEGs and DEPs reduced lignin and cellulose contents, increased flavonoid content, possibly decreased S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) and polyamine contents and increased S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) content in DPW stems, which could limit auxin transport and reduce extensibility of the cell wall, finally limited cell expansion (the cell size of DPW was significantly smaller than HPW cells) and caused dwarfism in DPW.

Preparation, spectroscopic, and electrochemical characterization of metal(II) complexes with Schiff base ligands derived from chitosan: correlations of redox potentials with Hammett parameters

“…The natural polysaccharide of chitosan and its derivatives have diverse potential applications in biotechnology, biomedicine [1,2], food ingredients, and cosmetics [3] because of their properties, such as hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, anti-bacterial properties [4][5][6], and remarkable affinity with many biomacromolecules [7]. Some derivatives have been characterized but their electrochemical characterization is limited; so, it is of interest to carry out an investigation on the development of biosensors and biocatalysts using these systems [8,9].…”

Proteomic Profiling of the Interactions of Cd/Zn in the Roots of Dwarf Polish Wheat (Triticum polonicum L.)

“…Cd stress also causes the lignification of roots (Finger-Teixeira et al, 2010 ). SAM provides the methyl donor to caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in lignin biosynthesis (Wang Y. et al, 2016 ). COMT levels were increased only in response to Cd stress (Table 1 ), suggesting that Cd also causes root lignification.…”

De NovoSequencing and Characterization of the Transcriptome of Dwarf Polish Wheat (Triticum polonicumL.)

“…10 DPW raw reads databases contained 697.13 million 100 bp paired-end raw reads that were downloaded from the NCBI sequence read archive (SRA) database. Among these raw reads databases, 370.82, 115.51, and 210.80 million reads were generated from roots (SRA numbers: SRR2973581, SRR2973582, SRR2973583, and SRR2973584; unpublished data), stems (SRA numbers: SRR2969441 and SRR2969444; [ 18 ]), and leaves (SRA numbers: SRR2973592, SRR2973593, SRR2973594, and SRR2973595; unpublished data), respectively. Roots (four samples) were collected from seedlings; stems (two samples; [ 18 ]) and leaves (four samples) were collected at the booting stage.…”

“…All these 10 samples were sequenced by our laboratory using the 100 bp protocol on Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform. All sequenced information was briefly described as Wang et al [ 18 ].…”