Road marking BRDF model applicable for a wide range of incident illumination conditions

Spieringhs, Rik Marco; Audenaert, Jan; Smet, Kevin; Heynderickx, Ingrid; Hanselaer, Peter

doi:10.1364/josaa.470968

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Finally, the reflection characteristics of road markings (positioned horizontally) and road signs (positioned vertically) are known to be very different from those of road surfaces as they exhibit mainly retroreflection. 25,26,[32][33][34][35] In describing the reflectance characteristics of road markings, the CIE 54.2 33 describes the use of the Coefficient of Retroreflected Luminance R L expressed in mcd m 22 lx 21 , for a particular illumination and viewing angle.…”

Section: Reflection Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They usually include encapsulated lenses, glass beads or microprisms, which have been further optimized to enhance the retroreflection of incident light from vehicle headlights. 25,26 This development may also add to some advantages of the Probeam lighting concept, which is mainly relying on retroreflection of the light on the road (with its signs and markings) to guide the driver.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An asymmetric road lighting concept: Probeam

Spieringhs,

Smet,

Heynderickx

et al. 2024

Lighting Research & Technology

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An asymmetric road lighting concept known as Probeam is investigated in this study for energy efficiency, contrast and visibility of vertical objects and road markings in highway lighting. Calculations based on road lighting standards, road surface and markings reflection characteristics and typical Dutch highway geometry, reveal that Probeam lighting improves the average visibility of objects and road markings over symmetrical lighting, however, with a 14% increase in luminous flux as per current road lighting standards. This increase in luminous flux is attributed to the symmetrical lighting’s advantage in specular road surface reflection, leading to a reduction in the Counterbeam lobe size in the light intensity distribution when designed to meet the current road luminance requirement. Notably, by designing the Probeam luminaire to match symmetrical lighting’s average visibility of vertical objects, for removing the road luminance requirement and dimming the luminaire, energy consumption is reduced by 52%. Halving the Probeam luminaire’s mounting height leads to an impressive 82% energy savings. The study highlights the possibility of a balance in energy use and road safety using the Probeam concept, considering advancements in road luminaires and retroreflective materials. Due to glare, the relevance of the proposed Probeam concept is restricted to one-directional traffic on highways.

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Section: Reflection Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An asymmetric road lighting concept: Probeam

Spieringhs,

Smet,

Heynderickx

et al. 2024

Lighting Research & Technology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Simulating the Appearance of Aerial Images formed by Aerial Imaging by Retroreflection

Saito,

Yue,

Koizumi

2024

Opt Rev

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Ray tracing, combined with ideal retroreflection and mathematical simulation methods, has been used to design aerial imaging systems based on retroreflection. Although aerial images are blurred and have lower brightness than the light source, existing simulation methods do not focus on the appearance of these characteristics. In this study, we propose a computer graphics (CG)-based simulation using the ray tracing method to generate CG renditions of aerial images with reproduced luminance and blurring. CG models of three optical elements (light source, half-mirror, and retroreflector) were created on the basis of existing optical element models to simulate aerial images obtained through retroreflection in aerial imaging systems. By measuring the image formation positioning, we determined that the rendered aerial images consistently formed at a plane-symmetrical position relative to the axis of the half-mirror model, with a mean absolute error of $${0.55\,\textrm{mm}}$$ 0.55 mm . We also compared rendered and actual aerial images in terms of luminance and sharpness characteristics, and found that the mean absolute percentage error of luminance remained within $$0.0376$$ 0.0376 . Furthermore, the directional dependence of blur was effectively reproduced using the retroreflector bidirectional reflectance distribution function developed in this study.

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