Road testing of a three-wheeler driven by a 5 kW PEM fuel cell in the absence and presence of batteries

Hybrid polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell-lithium-ion battery powertrain testing platform - hybrid fuel cell electric vehicle emulator

“…Response times of up to 5 s are reported by Piumsomboon et al . for a 5‐kW PEMFC stack operating at nominal power and automatic load changes . As it was demonstrated, very good performance characteristics of the vehicle might be achieved by the hybridisation of the vehicle powertrain using a combination of an LT‐PEMFC and a battery .…”

“…As it was demonstrated, very good performance characteristics of the vehicle might be achieved by the hybridisation of the vehicle powertrain using a combination of an LT‐PEMFC and a battery . By hybridisation of the FCS with an energy storage system, the HFCEV's fuel economy can be increased up to 15% . Typically, LIB, lead‐acid battery, nickel–metal hydride battery or lithium‐ion polymer battery are used for hybridisation .…”

“…Piumsomboon et al . also investigated separate hybrid system components (PEMFC stack and lead‐acid batteries) and an integrated hybrid system itself before it was incorporated into a three‐wheeler HFCEV . An average FC stack electrical efficiency of 64.5% and a thermodynamic efficiency of around 35% were measured for a constant load as well as a hydrogen consumption of 0.451 kg * h −1 was recorded at maximum load and 11 g * km −1 at maximum speed of the vehicle around 24.9 km * h −1 .…”

Testing energy efficiency and driving range of electric vehicles in relation to gear selection

“…Electric vehicles (EVs) are a viable alternative to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and can contribute to reduction of energy security and supply risks, and mitigate carbon emissions and air pollution, provided the energy to run EVs is supplied from local renewable energy sources and is well-integrated with the electricity system [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Health issues and increased mortality from ICE vehicle air pollution is a consequence of increased exposure to exhaust gas emissions and particulates [2,5].…”

“…This number far exceeds the annual road fatalities in the UK (1,901 fatalities and 23,122 serious injuries in year 2011 [12]) or the estimated 7,500 premature deaths from transport in general [11]. New and potentially cleaner transport technologies such as EVs, however, are not yet mainstream and their wider adoption has been hindered by several issues including high purchase costs, short vehicle driving ranges, limited recharging/refuelling stations, time-consuming recharging of batteries, vehicle safety, specialist vehicle applicability, and concerns of electricity infrastructure inadequacy in many regions [2,3,9,10,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”