Robust analysis of two-way models with repeated measures on both factors

Abstract

Management of 242 foreign bodies of the upper gastrointestinal tract are reported. Thirty-nine were in the pharynx, 181 in the esophagus, 19 in the stomach, and 3 in the small bowel. The flexible panendoscope was used 211 times (87.2%) to manage these foreign bodies, while the rigid esophagoscope was used 12 times (5.0%). Two hundred thirty-nine foreign bodies (98.8%) were successfully managed endoscopically. The surgery rate was 0.4%. There was no morbidity or mortality. Twenty-five percent of the cases were done under general endotracheal anesthesia. Coins in the esophagus are removed promptly if in the cervical or mid esophagus, and within 12 hours if in the distal esophagus. Once in the stomach, they will usually pass without difficulty. Meat impaction resulting in an obstructed esophagus is an urgent problem and the bolus should be removed within hours. Sharp and pointed foreign bodies can be very difficult to manage. Dry runs with a reproduction of the foreign body are essential to successful removal. Button batteries lodged in the esophagus represent an emergency and should be removed without delay. Once in the stomach, they will usually pass through the gastrointestinal tract without difficulty. The forward-viewing flexible panendoscope has become the instrument of choice in managing foreign bodies in most tertiary medical centers as well as in the community hospitals.

A Needle Penetrating the Stomach Cavity after Acupuncture

“…Studies show that 10% to 20% of patients who ingest a foreign body will not require surgical intervention, whereas ≥1% will require surgery 10,11. In one study, the majority of patients with suspected foreign body ingestion (96.1%) were successfully treated using a flexible endoscope (with suitable devices attached) without any serious procedure-related complications 12.…”

Registration of 2D histological sections with 3D micro-CT datasets from small animal vertebrae and tibiae

“…Another alternative could be the use of normalization techniques such as an ANOVA using within-subjects repeated measures design on ranks; however, special techniques are in order (Brunner and Puri 2001;Rashid 1995). In any case, the side effects of small sample sizes in profile analysis, or of adjustment for sphericity violation in the univariate approach, or of a rank transform are identical: a reduction of test power.…”

Gastric perforation by a foreign body presenting as a pancreatic pseudotumour

“…Foreign body ingestion commonly leads to complications in the paediatric population 1 . In adults however, the foreign body passes through the digestive system without any complication in 80% of cases, 2 with approximately 1% resulting in a gastrointestinal perforation 3 …”