Robust spread-spectrum audio watermarking

Kirovski, Darko; Malvar, H.S.

doi:10.1109/icassp.2001.941177

Cited by 105 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Since these α values satisfy the relations in (14) and (15), they also satisfy (12) and (13). For example, two of the eight sets of α values are as follows.…”

Section: ) Segmentation Of Host Audio Signalmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Furthermore, with respect to decoding, blind methods that can extract watermarking data without resort to host audio signal is desirable as semi-blind and non-blind methods are not applicable to most practical applications [1]. Over the past decade, many audio watermarking methods have been developed by using different techniques such as spread-spectrum [14]- [16], support vector regression [17]- [19], echo-hiding [5]- [7], [20]- [21], and patchwork [1], [8], [22]. The watermarking methods based on patchwork technique are very promising due to their remarkable robustness against conventional attacks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Robust patchwork-based watermarking method for stereo audio signals

Natgunanathan

Xiang

Rong

et al. 2013

Multimed Tools Appl

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Abstract-This paper presents a patchwork-based watermarking method for stereo audio signals, which exploits the similarity of the two sound channels of stereo signals. Given a segment of stereo signal, we first compute the discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs) of the two sound channels, which yields two sets of DFT coefficients. The DFT coefficients corresponding to certain frequency range are divided into multiple subsegment pairs and a criterion is proposed to select those suitable for watermark embedding. Then a watermark is embedded into the selected subsegment pairs by modifying their DFT coefficients. The exact way of modification is determined by a secret key, the watermark to be embedded, and the DFT coefficients themselves. In the decoding process, the subsegment pairs containing watermarks are identified by another criterion. Then the secret key is used to extract the watermark from the watermarked subsegments. Compared to the existing patchwork methods for audio watermarking, the proposed method does not require knowledge of which segments of the watermarked audio signal contain watermarks and is more robust to conventional attacks.

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“…Since these α values satisfy the relations in (14) and (15), they also satisfy (12) and (13). For example, two of the eight sets of α values are as follows.…”

Section: ) Segmentation Of Host Audio Signalmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust patchwork-based watermarking method for stereo audio signals

Natgunanathan

Xiang

Rong

et al. 2013

Multimed Tools Appl

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show abstract

“…Watermark embedding is a technique that embeds a secret message into the software hosts to determine ownership of code and helps in preventing tampering of source code. Some of the more recent works have developed techniques for embedding watermarks into various other medias, such as images [3]- [5], audio [6] or video files [7]. Other works include those by Collberg, Palsbery etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Buffer Overflow Based Algorithm to Conceal Software Watermarking Trigger Behavior

Cheng

Gao

Vairappan³

et al. 2014

IEICE Trans. Inf. & Syst.

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SUMMARYSoftware watermarking is a digital technique used to protect software by embedding some secret information as identification in order to discourage software piracy and unauthorized modification. Watermarking is still a relatively new field and has good potential in protecting software from privacy threats. However, there appears to be a security vulnerability in the watermark trigger behaviour, and has been frequently attacked. By tracing the watermark trigger behaviour, attackers can easily intrude into the software and locate and expose the watermark for modification. In order to address this problem, we propose an algorithm that obscures the watermark trigger behaviour by utilizing buffer overflow. The code of the watermark trigger behaviour is removed from the software product itself, making it more difficult for attackers to trace the software. Experiments show that the new algorithm has promising performance in terms of the imperceptibility of software watermark. key words: software watermarking, trigger behaviour, buffer overflow

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“…The time-domain methods, such as the least significant bit-replacement (LSB) [3] method and the echo hidingbased methods [4], [5], however, were prone to be not robust. Methods in [6]- [8] and the spread spectrum-based methods [9]- [12] tried to achieve stronger robustness in the transform-domain while inaudibility could not be always satisfied. Since the human auditory system (HAS) is particularly sensitive, several previous studies [13]- [15] exploited the properties of HAS and applied such knowledge for watermarking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speech Watermarking Method Based on Formant Tuning

Wang

Unoki

2015

IEICE Trans. Inf. ^|^ Syst.

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SUMMARYThis paper proposes a speech watermarking method based on the concept of formant tuning. The characteristic that formant tuning can improve the sound quality of synthesized speech was employed to achieve inaudibility for watermarking. In the proposed method, formants were firstly extracted with linear prediction (LP) analysis and then embedded with watermarks by symmetrically controlling a pair of line spectral frequencies (LSFs) as formant tuning. We evaluated the proposed method by two kinds of experiments regarding inaudibility and robustness compared with other methods. Inaudibility was evaluated with objective and subjective tests and robustness was evaluated with speech codecs and speech processing. The results revealed that the proposed method could satisfy both inaudibility and robustness that required for speech watermarking.

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Robust spread-spectrum audio watermarking

Cited by 105 publications

References 7 publications

Robust patchwork-based watermarking method for stereo audio signals

Robust patchwork-based watermarking method for stereo audio signals

A Buffer Overflow Based Algorithm to Conceal Software Watermarking Trigger Behavior

Speech Watermarking Method Based on Formant Tuning

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