Role of Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations in Addressing Developmental Disparities in the Middle East

Abstract

This chapter explores the role of civil society organizations (CSOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in addressing developmental disparities across the Middle East, focusing on the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, and the Near East. Covering Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Yemen, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Türkiye, it highlights the contributions of NGOs in economic development, human rights, education, healthcare, and environmental sustainability. The chapter examines the evolution of these organizations, their impact within complex socio-political contexts and analyzes challenges such as political restrictions, financial dependency, and operational barriers in conflict zones. It provides insights into how NGOs navigate these environments to drive sustainable development and equitable growth, offering valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to enhance the effectiveness of civil society in shaping future strategies.