“…Similar RALFs are present in 26 species of phytopathogenic fungi, opening the possibility that RALF mimics-mediated inactivation of FER and/or other RLKs is employed by phytopathogens to override plant defense mechanisms ( Masachis et al, 2016 ). Interestingly, in response to Pseudomonas syringae [a bacterial phytopathogen ( Xin et al, 2018 )], FER-induced immune signaling is independent of its kinase activity ( Song et al, 2021 ), also Meloidogyne incognita [an endoparasitic nematode of the root vascular cylinder ( Tapia-Vázquez et al, 2022 ) produces RALF mimics ( Mi RALF1/3) that directly bind the extracellular domain of FER, facilitating parasitism ( Zhang et al, 2020a ). Additionally, proteins ANX1 and ANX2, which are structurally related to FER, form a receptor-coreceptor complex with others RLKs, namely Buddha’s Paper Seal 1/2 (BUPS1/2), and LLG2/3, which perceives RALF signals to promote ROS production.…”