“…These studies highlight conservation problems, such as the lack of an effective management structure and a legal system (T. H. Nguyen, 2012), limited recognition of cultural heritage (Hung, 2020), and the absence of a public-city participatory approach in conservation (Hanh, 2006). Others detail the development of the Vietnamese urban planning systems and those related to HCMC that partially involve landscape preservation (Matsumura, Nguyen et al, 2017;Matsumura, Sawaki et al, 2012), and describe the city's architectural values and the rise in public awareness of its architectural heritage (Doling, 2019;Hahn, 2017;T. H. Nguyen, 2017).…”