RT-LoRa: A Medium Access Strategy to Support Real-Time Flows Over LoRa-Based Networks for Industrial IoT Applications

Leonardi, Luca; Battaglia, Filippo; Bello, Lucia Lo

doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2942776

Cited by 105 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…For industrial settings with real-time requirements, alternatives to the use of LoRaWAN as the MAC layer have been developed. Examples of this are RT-LoRa ( [23]) and Industrial LoRa ( [24]) which aims to optimise message latency.…”

Section: Industrialmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on the Viability of Confirmed Traffic in a LoRaWAN

2020

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Internet of Things (IoT) deployments are on the rise globally with Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) providing the wireless networks needed for this expansion. One of these technologies namely Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) has proven to be a very popular choice. The LoRaWAN protocol allows for confirmed traffic from the end device to the gateway (uplink) and the reverse (downlink), increasing the number of IoT use cases that it can support. However, this comes at a cost as downlink traffic severely impacts scalability due to in part a gateway's duty cycle restrictions. This paper highlights some of the use cases that require confirmed traffic, examines the recent works focused on LoRaWAN confirmed traffic and discusses the mechanism with which is implemented. It was found that confirmed traffic is viable in small networks, especially when data transfer is infrequent. Additionally, the following aspects negatively impact the viability of confirmed traffic in large networks: the duty cycle restrictions placed on gateways, the use of spreading factor 12 for receive window 2 transmissions, a high maximum number of transmissions (NbTrans) and the ACK_TIMEOUT transmission backoff interval. The paper also raises and suggests solutions to open research challenges that must be overcome to increase the viability of confirmed traffic.

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Section: Industrialmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on the Viability of Confirmed Traffic in a LoRaWAN

2020

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“…LoRa is a promising long-range communication technology for several application domains, such as mobile robotics [24], industry [25][26][27][28], healthcare [29], and consumer [30] applications. LoRaWAN [18] is standardized by the LoRa Alliance and defines a network architecture based on LoRa.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Assessment of the LoRaWAN Medium Access Control Protocols for IoT: Does Listen before Talk Perform Better than ALOHA?

et al. 2020

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Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) are emerging as appealing solutions for several Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as healthcare, smart cities and Industry 4.0, thanks to their ease of deployment, low energy consumption and large coverage range. LoRaWAN is one of the most successful LPWAN standards, as it supports robust long-distance communications using low-cost devices. To comply with the ETSI regulations, LoRaWAN can adopt as medium access control (MAC) layer either a pure ALOHA approach with duty-cycle limitations or a polite spectrum access technique, such as Listen Before Talk (LBT). The two approaches have their pros and cons that need to be carefully evaluated. The studies in the literature that so far have addressed an evaluation of MAC protocols for LoRaWAN refer to a previous and now obsolete version of the ETSI regulations, therefore they do not take into account the current limits on the timing parameters for polite spectrum access, such as that maximum time an end-node is allowed to be transmitting per hour. For this reason, the contribution of this work is two-fold. First, the paper discusses the restrictions that the current ETSI regulations impose on some timing parameters of the two kinds of MAC protocols for LoRaWAN. Second, the paper provides comparative performance assessments of the two protocols through simulations in realistic scenarios under different workload conditions.

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“…Now it is possible to exchange information between different application domains thanks to the definition of common data model and the use of web-based protocols to transfer these data and to identify available services. The first sector able to fully exploit this approach was that of industrial automation: the industrial IoT (IIoT) [1] is one pillar of the so-called Fourth Industrial Revolution, a revolution driven by data. The possibility to exchange data among different application domains is of particular interest in the Smart Cities context, where the optimal management of resources (electricity, water, heat, waste) depends on the integration of heterogeneous infrastructures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cognitive-Driven Building Renovation for Improving Energy Efficiency: The Experience of the ELISIR Project

et al. 2020

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In the last few years, the technology re-evolution has deeply transformed several aspects of everyday life. For sure, one technology with a strong impact is the so-called Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT paradigm made it possible to break down the data barrier between the vertical domains on which the traditional information and communication technology (ICT) world was organized. Recently, the designers of home automation systems have begun looking to the IoT paradigm to ease the deployment of systems that are able to collect data from different plants. Such a situation has driven further evolution from the traditional automation system, where logic is defined by the programmer or by the user, to a cognitive system that is able to learn from the user’ habits regarding what should be the best configuration of plants. Several countries are funding renovations of public and private buildings for improving energy efficiency. Generally, such renovations are only focusing on the structure of the building and of its energy performance (e.g., the thermal envelope, window units, air-conditioning plants, and renewable generators) and largely ignoring the use of intelligent devices. On the contrary, scientific literature and practice have demonstrated that the wider use of IoT sensors, as well as distributed and remote intelligence, is fundamental to optimize energy consumption. This research work aimed to identify issues due the application of cognitive solutions during the renovation phase of buildings. In particular, the paper presents a cognitive architecture to support the operation and management phases of buildings, thanks to the massive digitalization of the entire supply chain of the construction sector from the single building element to the entire construction process. Such an architecture is capable of combining data from the IoT sensors and actuators of smart objects installed during the renovation phase, as well as legacy building automation systems. As an indication of the capability of the proposed solution, an intelligent window device was developed and validated. Within the Energy, Life Styled, and Seismic Innovation for Regenerated Buildings (ELISIR) project, window units are equipped with sensors to monitor indoor and outdoor condition behaviours of users. In addition, windows are able to react to changes in the environment by means of actuators that enable motorized opening and shading. Thanks to the cognitive layer designed in the project, the window is able to automatically define the best rules for opening and shading by using the local controller to satisfy user’s habits and energy efficiency targets. The cognitive layer defines the appropriate rules for opening and shading using the decision tree algorithm applied to the data generated by the sensors in order to infer users’ preferences. For this research, two prototypes of the window units were installed in two offices of Politecnico di Milano, Italy. The accuracy of this algorithm to classify the users’ behaviour and preferences was found to be around 90%, considering an observation interval of two months.

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RT-LoRa: A Medium Access Strategy to Support Real-Time Flows Over LoRa-Based Networks for Industrial IoT Applications

Cited by 105 publications

References 38 publications

A Survey on the Viability of Confirmed Traffic in a LoRaWAN

A Survey on the Viability of Confirmed Traffic in a LoRaWAN

Comparative Assessment of the LoRaWAN Medium Access Control Protocols for IoT: Does Listen before Talk Perform Better than ALOHA?

A Cognitive-Driven Building Renovation for Improving Energy Efficiency: The Experience of the ELISIR Project

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