Rubber, 2. Natural

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Rubber Extraction 3. Composition of Natural Rubber Latex 4. Biosynthesis of Natural Rubber 5. Commercial Extraction of Natural Latex 6. Production of Natural Rubber 6.1. Extraction by Evaporation of Water (Evaporation, Spray Drying) 6.2. Coagulation 7. Classification 7.1. Technically Classified (TC) Rubber 7.2. Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR) 7.3. Standardized Indonesian Rubber (SIR) 8. Physical and Technological Properties of Solid Rubber 9. Uses 10. Modification 10.1. Hydrogenated Natural Rubber 10.2. Chlorinated Natural Rubber 10.3. Hydrohalogenated Natural Rubber 10.4. Cyclized Natural Rubber 10.5. Resin‐Modified Natural Rubber 10.6. Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)‐Grafted Natural Rubber 10.7. Superior‐Processing Natural Rubber 10.8. N ‐Phenylcarbamoylazoformate‐Modified Natural Rubber 10.9. Polystyrene‐Grafted Natural Rubber 10.10. Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) 10.11. Degraded Natural Rubber 10.12. Thermoplastic Natural Rubber 11. Compounding 12. Summary

The Chemistry and Kinetics of Polyethylene Pyrolysis: A Process to Produce Fuels and Chemicals

“…The major applications of oxo alcohols are in the manufacture of acrylates, acetates, chemicali ntermediates,a nd plasticizers. [62] The market for oxo alcohols is forecast to be 12.6 Mt a À1 in 2020, growing at ac ompound annualg rowth rate of approximately 4.4 %. [60] Alternatively,t he olefins could undergo metathesis reactions to produce smaller olefinst hat could then be reused to synthesize polyolefins in ac losed-loop recycling process.…”

“…Isoprene is used to produce cis-1,4-polyisoprene, a synthetic version of naturalr ubber. [62] Higher-carbon-number alkadienes couldb eh ydrogenated and mixed with the paraffins for production of transportation fuels. Our analytical techniques are unable to differentiate between the cycloalkanes and alkadienes.…”

A Review of Recent Research on Bio-Based Epoxy Systems for Engineering Applications and Potentialities in the Aviation Sector

“…Epoxidized natural rubber is currently a commercial product used for various applications such as toughener [86], compatibilizer [87], adhesive industry [88] and blends an reinforcements [89,90]. Epoxidized natural rubber is commercially available under the name of ENR-25, ENR-50 or ENR-75 depending on the epoxy content [91]. In 2013, Hsmzah et al [92] elucidated the structure of the ENR-50 by HNMR and studied their modification using a cyclic dithiocarbonate.…”

Pd(OAc)2/Ph3P-catalyzed dimerization of isoprene and synthesis of monoterpenic heterocycles

“…It is used for the synthesis of rubber and various other derivatives such as pheromones and fragrances. Though isoprene was initially obtained from thermal decomposition of natural rubber [ 18 – 19 ], nowadays it is mostly produced industrially as a byproduct of the cracking of naphtha or oil [ 20 ]. Recently, the bacterial production of bio-isoprene from renewable sources such as sugars has been considered as a competitive sustainable synthetic alternative [ 21 – 22 ].…”