RuCl₃ Supported on N‐Doped Graphene as a Reusable Catalyst for the One‐Step Glucose Oxidation to Succinic Acid

Abstract

Impregnation of RuCl3 on N‐doped graphenes results in the formation of well‐dispersed, small ruthenium oxyhydroxide nanoparticles supported on N‐doped graphene that may exhibit high selectivity (87 %) for the conversion of glucose into succinic acid under wet oxidation conditions (160 °C, 18 atm O2 pressure). Ruthenium loading and N‐atom distribution on graphene influence the catalytic activity, the best performing catalyst having 1 wt. % Ru loading on a graphene having a large population of graphenic N atoms. The high catalytic selectivity to succinic acid was correlated with the presence of small ruthenium nanoparticles. The present catalyst improves the best one previously reported because it does not require the continuous addition of an excess of amine to reach high succinic acid selectivity and reusability.

Nb-Based Zeolites: Efficient bi-Functional Catalysts for the One-Pot Synthesis of Succinic Acid from Glucose

“…Therefore, a step forward represented the development of ruthenium oxyhydroxide nanoparticles supported on N-doped graphene catalysts. They are able to convert glucose to SA (selectivity of 87%) in the absence of an excess of amine [ 14 ].…”

“…In this context, we shown that N-containing graphenes obtained either by simultaneous amination and reduction of graphene oxide or by pyrolysis of chitosan under inert atmosphere may act as metal-free catalysts for the selective WO of glucose to SA [ 16 ]. However, the process is less efficient compared to corresponding Ru-based graphene catalysts [ 14 ]: at 160 °C, under 18 atm O 2 and after 20 h the selectivities to SA were in the range of 60–68% at a complete glucose conversion.…”

Recent Developments in Heterogeneous Catalytic Routes for the Sustainable Production of Succinic Acid from Biomass Resources

“…The only limitation associated with this method was the continuous addition of primary amine while using the catalyst; this problem was further investigated by Rizescu et al, [27] in 2017. They prepared the catalyst by impregnating RuCl 3 on Ndoped graphene, which eliminated the need for the addition of butylamine during glucose oxidation, as now the source of nitrogen atoms coordinating to Ru ions was switched from a molecular additive to an embedded part of the support.…”

Catalytic Transformation of Cellulose and Its Derivatives into Functionalized Organic Acids

“…In particular, Ru IV was stabilized; therefore, mediating the reaction rate and formation of succinic acid. Furthermore, n ‐butylamine could be replaced with N‐doped graphene as a support for the Ru catalyst to provide even better selectivity to succinic acid …”