Rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid supplementation to dairy cows in late pregnancy and early lactation: effects on milk composition, milk yield, blood metabolites and gene expression in liver

Abstract

BackgroundConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for isomers of octadecadienoic acid with conjugated double-bond system. Thus, it was the objective to investigate whether milk composition and metabolic key parameters are affected by adding CLA to the diet of dairy cows in the first four weeks of lactation.MethodsA study was carried out with five primiparous cows fed a CLA supplemented diet compared to five primiparous cows without CLA supplementation. CLA supplemented cows received 7.5 g CLA/day (i.e. 50% cis(c)9,trans(t)11- and 50% t10,c12-CLA) starting two weeks before expected calving and 20 g CLA/day (i.e. 50% c9,t11- and 50% t10,c12-CLA) throughout day 1 to 28 of lactation.ResultsThe CLA supplement was insufficiently accepted by the animals: only 61.5% of the intended amount was ingested. Fed CLA were detectable in milk fat, whereas contents of c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA in milk fat were higher for CLA supplemented cows compared to the control group. On average over the entire treatment period, there was a decrease of saturated fatty acids (FA) in milk fat of CLA supplemented cows, combined with a higher content of monounsaturated and trans FA.Our study revealed no significant effects of c9,t11- and t10,c12-CLA supplementation either on milk yield and composition or on metabolic key parameters in blood. Furthermore the experiment did not indicate significant effects of c9,t11- and t10,c12-CLA-supplementation on gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα), PPARγ, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in liver tissue.ConclusionsFeeding c9,t11- and t10,c12-CLA during the first weeks after calving did not affect metabolic key parameters of blood serum or milk composition of fresh cows. Milk fatty acid composition was changed by feeding c9,t11- and t10,c12-CLA resulting in higher contents of these isomers in milk fat. High contents of long chain FA in milk fat indicate that CLA supplementation during the first four weeks of lactation did not affect massive peripheral lipomobilization.

Multiparous cows categorized by milk protein concentration and energy‐corrected milk yield during early lactation – metabolism, productivity and effect of a short‐term feed restriction

“… ‡ ACACA, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase α; ACADVL, acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase, very long chain; CPT1A, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A; ECHS1, enoyl CoA hydratase 1; EIF4B, eukaryotic translation initation factor 4B; GPAM, glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase; HMGCS2, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutary‐coenzyme A synthase 2; HNF4A, hepatocyte nuclear factor‐4A (Loor et al., 2005); IGF1, insulin‐like growth factor 1; INSR, insulin receptor; PC, pyruvate carboxylase; PCK1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic; PCK2, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, mitochondrial; PPARA, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor‐α (Sigl et al., 2010); SREBF1, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (Van Dorland et al., 2009); TAT, tyrosine aminotransferase; TNFA, tumor necrosis factor α. …”

“…Gene sequences for primer design were obtained from the gene bank of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Exon‐spanning primer sequences were designed using NCBI primer tool except for those previously published for HNF4A (Loor et al., 2005), PPARA and PPARG (Sigl et al., 2010), and SREBF1 (Van Dorland et al., 2009). Primers were synthesized at Eurofins MWG (Ebersberg, Germany).…”

“… *ACTB, actin beta; GAPD, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase; H3F3A, H3 histone family 3A; ACACA, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase α; ACADVL, acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase, very long chain; CPT1A, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A; ECHS1, enoyl CoA hydratase 1; GPAM, glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase; CTSL, cathepsin L; TAT, tyrosine aminotransferase; PC, pyruvate carboxylase; PCK1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic; PCK2, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, mitochondrial; SLC2A2, facilitated glucose transporter, member 2; INSR, insulin receptor; HMGCS2, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutary‐coenzyme A synthase 2; EIF4B, eukaryotic translation initation factor 4B; HNF4A, hepatocyte nuclear factor‐4A (Loor et al., 2005); PPARA, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor‐α (Sigl et al., 2010); SREBF1, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (Van Dorland et al., 2009). …”

Conjugated linoleic acid: A potent fatty acid linked to animal and human health

“…Other effects on metabolic key parameters of blood, lipid metabolism, inflammation, etc, have also been investigated. Sigl et al (2010) fed a CLA (50% c9,t11 and 50% t10,c12 CLA) supplemented diet to dairy cows in their first lactation month. They detected higher amounts of CLA in the milk fat of CLA-supplemented cows in comparison with the control group.…”

Advances in Research oncis-9, trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid: A Major Functional Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer

“…However, reduced milk fat synthesis is also observed, which may be attributed to the isomer-specific effect of trans-10, cis-12 CLA (Baumgard et al, 2001). CLA mixture supplementation or postruminal infusion can also effectively alter cis-9, trans-11 CLA content in ruminant products (Bell and Kennelly, 2003;Sigl et al, 2010). However, physical or chemical modification of CLA should be done to enhance their oxidative stability and improve their post-ruminal bioavailability (de Veth et al, 2005;Gervais et al, 2005;Moon et al, 2008).…”