Ruminal and Post-Ruminal Utilization of Starch in the Young Bovine

Natrajan, S.; Polan, C.E.; Chandler, P.T.; Jahn, E; Huber, J.T.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(72)85466-3

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…We found a linear decrease in faecal DM content with increasing inclusion level of SP, indicating that, despite the slow increase in SP inclusion level, adaptation of enzymes is limited in milk-fed calves. This corresponds with findings by Natrajan et al (1972) who did not find differences in total tract starch digestibility between milk-fed calves that were adapted for either 4 days or 12 weeks to starch inclusion. At the ileal level, however, differences in starch digestion may have occurred in that study.…”

Section: Generalsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…However, the reduction in faecal DM content with increasing intake of SP did only lead to a significant reduction in daily gain for the GS and MT treatment. Although the study was not designed to measure a response in daily gain, a reduction in growth (Huber et al, 1968;Natrajan et al, 1972), as a result of fermentation instead of digestion, was expected. The lower daily gain for the MT treatment is associated with a greater numerical decrease in faecal DM content in time, but not with faecal pH.…”

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves

Gilbert

Borne

Berends

et al. 2015

Animal

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Calf milk replacers (MR) commonly contain 40% to 50% lactose. For economic reasons, starch is of interest as a lactose replacer. Compared with lactose, starch digestion is generally low in calves. It is, however, unknown which enzyme limits the rate of starch digestion. The objectives were to determine which enzyme limits starch digestion and to assess the maximum capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves. A within-animal titration study was performed, where lactose was exchanged stepwise for one of four starch products (SP). The four corn-based SP differed in size and branching, therefore requiring different ratios of starch-degrading enzymes for their complete hydrolysis to glucose: gelatinised starch (α-amylase and (iso)maltase); maltodextrin ((iso)maltase and α-amylase); maltodextrin with α-1,6-branching (isomaltase, maltase and α-amylase) and maltose (maltase). When exceeding the animal's capacity to enzymatically hydrolyse starch, fermentation occurs, leading to a reduced faecal dry matter (DM) content and pH. Forty calves (13 weeks of age) were assigned to either a lactose control diet or one of four titration strategies (n = 8 per treatment), each testing the stepwise exchange of lactose for one SP. Dietary inclusion of each SP was increased weekly by 3% at the expense of lactose and faecal samples were collected from the rectum weekly to determine DM content and pH. The increase in SP inclusion was stopped when faecal DM content dropped below 10.6% (i.e. 75% of the average initial faecal DM content) for 3 consecutive weeks. For control calves, faecal DM content and pH did not change over time. For 87% of the SP-fed calves, faecal DM and pH decreased already at low inclusion levels, and linear regression provided a better fit of the data (faecal DM content or pH v. time) than non-linear regression. For all SP treatments, faecal DM content and pH decreased in time (P < 0.001) and slopes for faecal DM content and pH in time differed from CON; P < 0.001 for all SP), but did not differ between SP treatments. Faecal DM content of SP-fed calves decreased by 0.57% and faecal pH by 0.32 per week. In conclusion, faecal DM content and pH sensitively respond to incremental inclusion of SP in calf MR, independently of SP characteristics. All SP require maltase to achieve complete hydrolysis to glucose. We therefore suggest that maltase activity limits starch digestion and that fermentation may contribute substantially to total tract starch disappearance in milk-fed calves.Keywords: milk-fed calf, starch digestion, starch fermentation, maltose, maltodextrin ImplicationsCalf milk replacers commonly contain 40% to 50% lactose. Lactose is expensive compared with starch, but digestibility is lower for starch than for lactose. It is currently unknown which enzyme is rate limiting for starch digestion. The current study suggests that maltase limits starch digestion in milk-fed calves, indicating that a major part of the starch will undergo fermentation rather than enzymatic hydrolysis. This leads to a lower faecal q...

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Section: Generalsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves

Gilbert

Borne

Berends

et al. 2015

Animal

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“…The lack of a significant milk x creep interaction in Experiment 1 supports the view that calves do not exhibit adaptation to starch-containing diets (Raven and Robinson, 1964;Huber, 1969;Natrajan, Polan, Chandler, Jahn and Huber, 1972). The lack of a significant milk x creep interaction in Experiment 1 supports the view that calves do not exhibit adaptation to starch-containing diets (Raven and Robinson, 1964;Huber, 1969;Natrajan, Polan, Chandler, Jahn and Huber, 1972).…”

Section: Apparent Digestibility Of the Creep Dietsmentioning

confidence: 51%

The nutritive value of cooked potato in liquid and creep diets for early-weaned calves

Hinks

Armishaw

1975

Anim. Sci.

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1. In three experiments, 112 7-day-old British Friesian male calves were used in performance and digestibility trials to evaluate dried cooked potato in liquid and creep diets. 2. A 15% depression in growth rate for each 10% inclusion of cooked potato flour in liquid diets was recorded from 4 to 21 days and the faeces of potato-fed calves also tended to be less solid. Over the whole feeding period, liquid diets containing up to 20% potato did not significantly depress performance to weaning at 35 days. 3. Only when a liquid diet containing potato starch was introduced prior to 4 weeks of age was daily live-weight gain markedly depressed. 4. Incorporating potato starch in milk diets did not influence creep intake. 5. Calves offered a creep diet containing 40 % cooked potato flake ate less, but grew faster than calves given a diet containing 40% flakedmaize. At constant intakes of creep, daily gains were 14 to 18% greater on the diet containing potato flake. 6. The apparent digestibility of gross energy and nitrogen was 0-67 and 0-66 for the flaked maize creep and 0-71 and 0-69 for the potato creep. Digestible energy and digestible nitrogen values were 12-7 MJ and 18-2 g/kg dry matter for the maize diet and 13-0 MJ and 19-0 g/kg dry matter for the flaked potato diet. 7. The incidence of bloat was higher for calves fed on potato than for those fed on maize.

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“…It has been documented that as little as 2% starch (food grade corn starch or partially hydrolysed starch based from corn) in MR is enough to depress growth by decreased digestion of nutrients (Natrajan et al, 1972;Soliman et al, 1979). Liang et al (1967) suggested that milk-fed calves are able to utilize starch as a source of energy by microbial degradation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of replacing lactose by starch on protein and fat digestion in milk-fed veal calves

Pluschke

Gilbert

Williams

et al. 2016

Animal

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Replacing dairy components from milk replacer (MR) with vegetable products has been previously associated with decreased protein and fat digestibility in milk-fed calves resulting in lower live weight gain. In this experiment, the major carbohydrate source in MR, lactose, was partly replaced with gelatinized corn starch (GCS) to determine the effect on protein and fat digestibility in milk-fed calves. In total, 16 male Holstein-Friesian calves received either MR with lactose as the carbohydrate source (control) or 18% GCS at the expense of lactose. In the adaptation period, calves were exposed to an increasing dose of GCS for 14 weeks. The indigestible marker cobalt ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was incorporated into the MR for calculating apparent nutrient digestibility, whereas a pulse dose of chromium (Cr) chloride was fed with the last MR meal 4 h before slaughter as an indicator of passage rates. The calves were anesthetized and exsanguinated at 30 weeks of age. The small intestine was divided in three; small intestine 1 and 2 (SI1 and SI2, respectively) and the terminal ileum (last~100 cm of small intestine) and samples of digesta were collected. Small intestinal digesta was analysed for α-amylase, lipase and trypsin activity. Digestibility of protein was determined for SI1, SI2, ileum and total tract, whereas digestibility of fat was determined for SI1, SI2 and total tract. Apparent protein digestibility in the small intestine did not differ between treatments but was higher in control calves at total tract level. Apparent crude fat digestibility tended to be increased in SI1 and SI2 for GCS calves, but no difference was found at total tract level. Activity of α-amylase in SI2 and lipase in both SI1 and SI2 was higher in GCS calves. Activity of trypsin tended to be higher in control calves and was higher in SI1 compared with SI2. A lower recovery of Cr in SI2 and a higher recovery of Cr in the large intestine suggest an increased rate of passage for GCS calves. Including 18% of GCS in a milk replacer at the expense of lactose increased passage rate and decreased apparent total tract protein digestibility. In the small intestine, protein digestion did not decrease when feeding GCS and fat digestion even tended to increase. Overall, effects on digestion might be levelled when partially replacing lactose with GCS, because starch digestion is lower than that of lactose but fat digestion may be slightly increased when feeding GCS.

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Ruminal and Post-Ruminal Utilization of Starch in the Young Bovine

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves

A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves

The nutritive value of cooked potato in liquid and creep diets for early-weaned calves

The effect of replacing lactose by starch on protein and fat digestion in milk-fed veal calves

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