Running footwear matters: decoding the influence of running shoe characteristics on physiology, biomechanics and running performance (PhD Academy Award)

Rodrigo Carranza, Víctor

doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-107452

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…However, our results are more comparable with the results of running in AFT (compliant midsole with curved plates) compared to traditional running shoes (Control) with an improvement in RE of around 3%-4% [6,11]. There is a growing body of literature indicating that the new more resilient and compliant midsole foams are of greater importance than increased LBS in improving RE when using AFT [20,35,36]. Recently, we showed on separate occasions that AFT shoes with a curved carbon fiber plate and a highly resilient and compliant midsole improved RE by 1%-2% over shoes with a curved carbon fiber plate and traditional midsole [37,38].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…It may be that the ~2.5% improvement from the Stiff versus Control condition in the current study resulted from a ~ 1% improvement from increased LBS (similar to those reported in previous studies [14,15]) and the remainder of the improvement from using more compliant and resilient midsole materials in combination with the curved carbon fiber plate. Therefore, it appears the combination of these characteristics of AFT is key to improve RE [4,36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship Between Advanced Footwear Technology Longitudinal Bending Stiffness and Energy Cost of Running

Rodrigo‐Carranza,

Hoogkamer,

González‐Ravé

et al. 2024

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Introduction/PurposeShoe longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) is often considered to influence running economy (RE) and thus, running performance. However, previous results are mixed and LBS levels have not been studied in advanced footwear technology (AFT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of increased LBS from curved carbon fiber plates embedded within an AFT midsole compared to a traditional running shoe on RE and spatiotemporal parameters.MethodsTwenty‐one male trained runners completed three times 4 min at 13 km/h with two experimental shoe models with a curved carbon fiber plate embedded in an AFT midsole with different LBS values (Stiff: 35.5 N/mm and Stiffest: 43.1 N/mm), and a Control condition (no carbon fiber plate: 20.1 N/mm). We measured energy cost of running (W/kg) and spatiotemporal parameters in one visit.ResultsRE improved for the Stiff shoe condition (15.71 ± 0.95 W/kg; p < 0.001; n2 = 0.374) compared to the Control condition (16.13 ± 1.08 W/kg; 2.56%) and Stiffest condition (16.03 ± 1.19 W/kg; 1.98%). However, we found no significant differences between the Stiffest and Control conditions. Moreover, there were no spatiotemporal differences between shoe conditions.ConclusionChanges in LBS in AFT influences RE suggesting that moderately stiff shoes have the most effective LBS to improve RE in AFT compared to very stiff shoes and traditional, flexible shoe conditions while running at 13 km/h.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Advanced Footwear Technology Longitudinal Bending Stiffness and Energy Cost of Running

Rodrigo‐Carranza,

Hoogkamer,

González‐Ravé

et al. 2024

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…It may be that the ∼2.5% improvement from the Stiff versus Control condition in the current study resulted from a ∼1% improvement from increased LBS (similar to reported in previous studies (Oh & Park, 2017; Roy & Stefanyshyn, 2006)) and the remainder of the improvement from using more compliant and resilient midsole materials in combination with the curved carbon fiber plate. Therefore, it appears the combination of these characteristics of AFT is key to improve RE (Ortega et al, 2021; Rodrigo Carranza, 2023).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,11 . There is a growing body of literature indicating that the new more resilient and compliant midsole foams are of greater importance than increased LBS in improving RE when using AFT 20,34,35 . Recently, we showed on separate occasions that AFT shoes with a curved carbon fiber plate and a highly resilient and compliant midsole (PEBA) improved RE by 1-2% over shoes with curved carbon fiber plate and traditional midsole (EVA) 36,37 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between advanced footwear technology longitudinal bending stiffness and energy cost of running

Rodrigo-Carranza,

Hoogkamer,

González-Ravé

et al. 2023

Preprint

Self Cite

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Introduction/PurposeShoe longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) is often considered to influence running economy (RE) and thus, running performance. However, previous results are mixed and LBS levels have not been studied in advanced footwear technology (AFT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the isolated effects of increased LBS from curved carbon fiber plates embedded within an AFT midsole on RE and spatiotemporal parameters.MethodsTwenty-one male trained runners completed 3 times 4 minutes at 13km/h with two experimental shoe models with a curved carbon fiber plate embedded in an AFT midsole with different LBS values (Stiff: 35.5 N/mm and Stiffest: 43.1 N/mm), and a Control condition (no carbon fiber plate: 20.1 N/mm). We measured energy cost of running (W/kg) and spatiotemporal parameters in one visit.ResultsRE improved for the Stiff shoe condition (15.71 ± 0.95 W/kg; p<0.001;n2=0.374) compared to the Control condition (16.13 ± 1.08 W/kg) and Stiffest condition (16.03 ± 1.19 W/kg). However, we found no significant differences between the Stiffest and Control conditions. Moreover, there were no spatiotemporal differences between shoe conditions.ConclusionChanges in LBS in AFT influences RE suggesting that moderately stiff shoes are the most effective LBS to improve RE in AFT compared to very stiff shoes and traditional, flexible shoe conditions while running at 13 km/h.

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“…The Pearson correlation coefficients for Day 1, 2, and 3 vs. the 3-day average were large (0.77-0.89), but the correlation coefficients for 2-day average vs. 3-day average results were substantially higher (0.90-0.97), suggesting that a minimum of two days is needed to quantify dependable individual responses to AFT spikes. Quantifying individual responses to AFT shoes is common when aiming to identify biomechanical mechanisms underlying improvements from AFT, 30,31 or characteristics of runners who experience more or less benefits. [32][33][34] However, as discussed by Barrons et al, 35 such analyses critically depend on the accuracy of the response measurement.…”

Section: Reliabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-perceived middle-distance race pace is faster in Advanced Footwear Technology spikes

Bertschy,

Rodrigo-Carranza,

Wilkie

et al. 2023

Preprint

Self Cite

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BackgroundQuantifying the potential benefits of advanced footwear technology (AFT) track spikes in middle-distance events is challenging, because repeated maximal effort trials (as in sprinting) or aerobic running economy trials (as in long-distance running) are not feasible.ObjectiveWe propose and evaluate a novel approach to assess the benefits of AFT spikes that consists of a series of 200m intervals at self-perceived middle-distance race pace.MethodsWe conducted four experiments to evaluate the validity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and utility of this novel method.Results(1) Participants ran 1.26% slower (p=0.0188) in spikes with 200g added mass than in control spikes, exactly equal to the known effects of shoe mass on running performance. (2) Participants ran significantly faster in AFT prototype spikes than in traditional spikes (p=0.0296). (3) Participants performed our interval-based method to compare two other AFT prototype spikes against traditional spikes, on three separate days. Group-level results were consistent across days, but to evaluate individual responses at least two separate sessions are needed. (4) Participants ran significantly faster in two AFT spike models than in traditional spikes (2.22% and 1.74%). Speed was similar between a third AFT spike model and the traditional spikes. These speed results were mirrored by changes in step length, as participants took significantly longer steps in the two faster AFT spike models (2.31% and 1.92%), while step length was similar between the other spikes.ConclusionOur novel interval-based approach is a valid and reliable method to quantify differences between spikes at middle-distance running intensity.Key pointsA novel, effort-based methodology allows for valid and reliable comparison of spikes for middle-distance running events.AFT track spikes are found to be significantly faster than traditional track spikes, primarily due to increases in step length.Group-level results were consistent across days, but at least two separate sessions are needed to evaluate individual responses.

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Running footwear matters: decoding the influence of running shoe characteristics on physiology, biomechanics and running performance (PhD Academy Award)

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Relationship Between Advanced Footwear Technology Longitudinal Bending Stiffness and Energy Cost of Running

Relationship Between Advanced Footwear Technology Longitudinal Bending Stiffness and Energy Cost of Running

Relationship between advanced footwear technology longitudinal bending stiffness and energy cost of running

Self-perceived middle-distance race pace is faster in Advanced Footwear Technology spikes

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