S1 Subunit and Host Proteases as Potential Therapeutic Avenues for the Treatment of COVID-19

Arafah, Azher; Ali, Shafat; Yatoo, Ali Mohd; Ali, Niamat; Rehman, Muneeb U.

doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.05.013

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Notes: Reprinted from Archives of Medical Research, Vol 66, Arafah A, Ali S, Yatoo AM, Ali MN, Rehman MU, S1 subunit and host proteases as potential therapeutic avenues for the treatment of COVID-19, In press, Copyright (2020), with permission from Elsevier. 10 COVID-19 and then reported satisfactory clinical results with arbidol and LPV/r compared to LPV/r alone.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, some researchers suggested that S1 subunit and host proteases play potential therapeutic roles in the treatment of COVID-19 ( Figure 3). 10 In this regard, it was shown that Zoonotic β-coronaviruses have a high binding affinity towards angiotensin converting enzyme 2(ACE2), which serves as an operative receptor for viral entry to the host cell. ACE2 have also been reported as cellular receptors used by β-coronaviruses MERS-CoV and bat coronavirus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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<p>The Current Recommended Drugs and Strategies for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)</p>

Sheikhpour¹

2020

TCRM

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Background: The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has been known as a pandemic disease by the World Health Organization (WHO) worldwide. The drugs currently used for treatment of COVID-19 are often selected and tested based on their effectiveness in other diseases such as influenza and AIDS and their major identified targets are viral protease, host cell produced protease, viral RNA polymerase, and the interaction site of viral protein with host cell receptors. Until now, there are no approved therapeutic drugs for definitive treatment of this dangerous disease. Methods: In this article, all of the documentary information, such as clinical trials, original research and reviews, government's database, and treatment guidelines, were reviewed critically and comprehensively. Moreover, it was attempted to present the most common and effective drugs and strategies, to suggest the possible treatment way of COVID19 by focusing on the body's defense mechanism against pathogens. Results: Antiviral drugs and immune-modulatory agents with the traditional medicines using the natural compound are usual accessible treatments. Accordingly, they have better beneficence due to the large existence studies, long time follow-ups, proximity to the natural system, and the normal physiological routine of the pathogen and host interactions. Besides, the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways are considered as attractive targets to treat human immune, infectious, and cancerous diseases. Fluoxetine, as a host-targeted small molecule with immunomodulatory action, may be known as effective drug for treatment and prevention of COVID19 disease, in combination with antiviral drugs and natural compounds. Conclusion: Co-administration of fluoxetine in the treatment of COVID19 could be considered due to the possibility of its interaction with ACE2 receptors, immune-modulatory function, and a proper immune response at the right time. Fluoxetine plays a beneficial role in reducing stress due to fear of infecting by COVID19 or worsening the disease and psychological support for the affected patients.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>The Current Recommended Drugs and Strategies for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)</p>

Sheikhpour¹

2020

TCRM

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“…The virus relies on the spike(S) protein on its envelope surface to mediate recognition and fusion between the virus and the host cell, thus causing infection [12] . The S protein of SARS-CoV-2 can be cleaved into S1 and S2 subunits by the action of host proteases, which are responsible for receptor binding and membrane fusion, respectively [13] , [14] .…”

Section: Sara-cov-2 Hijacked the Host Mitochondriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial hijacking: A potential mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 to impair female fertility

et al. 2022

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As well as causing respiratory lesions, the multi-organ complications caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are also well known. Combined with the epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 with high transmission rate and low lethality, the impact of complications caused by its infection on infected individuals seems to be of greater concern. There has been evidence that viral infection is complicated by female reproductive impairment, but the mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 impairs female fertility is unclear. In addition, RNA-GPS technology has revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 genome resides in mitochondria of the host cells and affects mitochondrial function. Considering the close relationship between mitochondria and female fertility, this paper takes mitochondrial hijacking as an entry point to elucidate the possible mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 affects female fertility through the mitochondrial hijacking pathway, which will be important for timely preventive measures and identification of therapeutic targets for infected women with reproductive needs, especially those with asymptomatic infection.

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S1 Subunit and Host Proteases as Potential Therapeutic Avenues for the Treatment of COVID-19

Cited by 2 publications

References 12 publications

<p>The Current Recommended Drugs and Strategies for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)</p>

<p>The Current Recommended Drugs and Strategies for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)</p>

Mitochondrial hijacking: A potential mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 to impair female fertility

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